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Solid-State Materials for Batteries
Published in Elaine A. Moore, Lesley E. Smart, Solid State Chemistry, 2020
Elaine A. Moore, Lesley E. Smart
However, making reliable rechargeable lithium batteries has proved to be a very difficult problem because the lithium re-deposits in a finely divided state or forms dendritic (branch-like) growths on the electrode. These are very reactive and can even catch fire. Lithium reacts vigorously with water to form lithium hydroxide and liberating hydrogen, so batteries must be sealed absolutely from leakage. Yoshino produced the first commercially viable lithium-ion battery. This replaced the lithium anode by lithium intercalated into heated petroleum coke, a mixture of graphite and non-crystalline carbon. The electrolyte was a solution of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) in a non-aqueous solvent propylene carbonate.
Power supplies
Published in Geoff Lewis, Communications Technology Handbook, 2013
Lithium is a highly reactive alkaline metal which degrades rapidly into lithium hydride with the release of hydrogen gas even in humid air. However, if suitably sealed, these cells have the highly desirable feature of producing about 3 V per cell. In the commonly available types, pure lithium forms the anode and either manganese dioxide or sulphur dioxide is used for the cathode, the electrolytes being lithium perchlorate dissolved in an organic solvent or methyl cyanide with a small amount of lithium bromide added to improve conductivity respectively. Each cell is contained within a stainless steel casing to resist corrosion. The rated voltage is typically 3 V per cell but some types can produce up to 3.3 V on open circuit. The lithium polycarbon monofluoride and the lithium thionyl chloride are further variants that are available and provide open circuit voltages of 3 V and 3.7 V, respectively. All these devices provide a high energy density with capacities up to 11 Ah, together with a long working life over a wide range of operating temperatures.
Facile synthesis of CuO nanobricks for high combustion characteristics with nanoaluminum and catalytic thermal decomposition of lithium perchlorate
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2021
Vinay Kumar Patel, Ankur Gupta
The catalytic activity of copper oxide nanobricks on thermal decomposition of lithium Perchlorate was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of powdered mixture of 98 wt.% lithium perchlorate (200 mesh) and 2 wt.% CuOnb. The lithium perchlorate (98 wt.%) was weighed along with 2 wt.% of copper oxide nanobricks, and the mixture was ultrasonicated for ∼15 min in isopropanol using ultrasonic cleaner (Make: Citizen-CUB2.5). The slurry mixture was transferred in to an oven for at 150 °C for 4 h for vaporization of isopropanol and getting solid powered mixture of lithium perchlorate and copper oxide nanobricks. The thermogravimetric analysis of the mixture was conducted from 30 to 650 °C at heating rate of 10 °C min−1 with N2 gas circulation rate of 20 cm3 min−1 in Perkin Elmer DTA6000 thermal analyzer.
Investigation of the effect of alkyl substitution on DSSC efficiency of Ru(II) complexes bearing tridentate benzimidazole ligands
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
The 1 × 10−5 M concentrated of the synthesized Ru complexes were prepared in 0.1 M solution of lithium perchlorate (in DMF) that used as support electrolyte. The cyclic voltammograms of the complexes recorded against ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple (Fc/Fc+) between the range of 0–1.5 V at 50 mV/s are given in Figure 2. Oxidation potentials (Eox) of the complexes were calculated with Equations (1)–(3). Also, λmax and λmax(onset) values were determined from normalized absorbance spectra of the complexes. MLCT band which shows the electronic transitions from the 4d orbital of the metal to π* orbital of ligand (4d→π*) was observed around 520 nm. The calculated HOMO, LUMO energies and the energy band gaps of the complexes are given in Table 1.
Stretchable electronics: functional materials, fabrication strategies and applications
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Another strategy is to deposit electrochemical active polymers such as PPy on the stretchable electrolytes [156]. For example, a highly stretchable H3PO4-PVA polymer electrolyte was synthesized with a low resistivity of 3.4 × 10−3 S cm−1 and a high fracture strain at 410% elongation. Then a stretchable supercapacitor was fabricated and showed only a small capacitance loss of 5.6% at 30% strain, and could preserve 81% of the initial capacitance after 1000 cyclic stretching tests [166]. As shown in Figure 10(b), tensile supercapacitor arrays are fabricated by using a gel-type electrolyte of poly(methyl methacrylate)–propylene carbonate–lithium perchlorate. A dry-transferred supercapacitor array on a specially designed tensile elastomer displayed stable electrochemical performances under different types of deformations, including bending, twisting, both uniaxial and biaxial stretching up to 50%, and winding around the curvilinear substrates [167].