China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Causal evaluation of fascia beam deterioration in a fleet of PC I-beam bridges
Published in Joan-Ramon Casas, Dan M. Frangopol, Jose Turmo, Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2022
A.R.M.H.B. Amunugama, U.B. Attanayake
Following 28 days of wet curing, the top surface of these slabs was exposed to 1N NaOH at 176° F until they reached the prescribed expansion limit of 0.04%. After reaching the expansion limits, slabs were removed from the curing chamber and allowed to dry for 3 days. Following the drying period, the top surface was sandblasted, conforming to MDOT special provisions for silane treatment for bridge concrete (20TM710(A290)) and concrete surface coatings (20RC710(A285)). Four types of protective systems were considered- (i) penetrating sealant, (ii) coating, (iii) penetrating sealant and coating, and (iv) lithium nitrate and coating. A group of two specimens was treated with each treatment scheme conforming to the manufacturer’s guidelines. One slab was left untreated as a reference. Even though breathable sealants and coatings were used, these materials do not provide 100% breathability. When the concrete surface heats up, moisture is drawn towards the heated surface. This will allow moisture accumulation beneath the sealants and coatings. Hence, lithium nitrate was used as a primer for coatings to control possible development of ASR underneath the coating.
Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVdF)-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Published in Prasanth Raghavan, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, 2021
N. S. Jishnu, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Akhila Das, Jarin D. Joyner, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Prasanth Raghavan
An electrospun PVdF membrane was fabricated by Woo et al. [50] and hot-pressed, leading to a decrease in porosity and electrolyte uptake. The electrochemical properties of the hot-pressed electrolyte membranes were inferior to the non-hot pressed membranes at room temperature, even though they have similar ionic conductivity (1.04 mS cm−1 at 20°C). Both the pressed and non-pressed electrolyte membranes exhibit a similar initial specific capacity at 0.5 C, which is faded by 14% during the first 110 cycles for the pressed electrolyte membrane, whereas the non-pressed electrolyte membrane almost retained the initial capacity after 100 cycles. In the case of cycle test at 80°C, however, the capacity was only slightly decreased after the initial capacity faded by about 6.5% during the first 10 cycles for the hot-pressed electrolyte membrane. The electrolyte fabricated by using PVdF dissolved in DMAc: acetone delivered an ionic conductivity of 1.0 mS cm−1 in 1 M LiPF6 in EC/PC/DMC [51]. The porous membrane exhibited an average fiber diameter (AFD) of 0.45–1.38 µm, achieving a higher electrolyte uptake of 300–350%. To further enhance the properties of lithium nitrate ( LiNO3) salt was added to the polymer. As a result, the ionic conductivity was increased to 1.61 mS cm−1 . As the percentage of the doping salt increased, increases were observed in the ionic conductivity, the discharge capacity (to 119 mAh g−1) and the voltage stability (to 4.2 V) [52].
Assessment, Testing and Specification
Published in Ian Sims, Alan Poole, Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete: A World Review, 2017
Lithium nitrate is the preferred salt. The recommended dosage levels depend on the alkali level in the concrete and the nature of the aggregate. Recent North American research suggests that lithium salts are not equally effective with all reactive aggregate types (Tremblay et al., 2007). Some aggregates require much higher doses of lithium than others, whilst expansion with other reactive aggregates can sometimes be controlled with lower lithium doses than have previously been recommended. Unlike other measures based on using additions, such as fly ash or ground granulated blastfurnace slag, the lithium dose required does not appear to be related to the degree of aggregate reactivity. Accordingly, it is not possible at present to recommend a single dosage of lithium nitrate that will be effective for all aggregates. Instead, performance testing to evaluate its effectiveness and determine an appropriate lithium dosage is recommended for those considering the use of precautionary measure M4 in new concrete.
The Kelly Dyke swarm, Pilbara Craton: a 3317 Ma large igneous province?
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2022
A. Petersson, A. I. S. Kemp, S. W. Denyszyn
All samples were analysed by Bureau Veritas Minerals Pty Ltd in Perth, Australia. The samples were cast using a 66:34 (lithium tetraborate 66%/lithium metaborate 34%) flux with 4% lithium nitrate added to form a glass bead. Major elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence. Trace elements were determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on a fused bead. Loss on ignition was determined using a robotic TGA system with furnaces set to 110 °C and 1000 °C (LOI1000). A sub-sample was digested with sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids and FeO determined via titration. Accuracy and precision of the analyses was monitored using geochemical reference rock powders (Kerba Monzogranite and Bunbury Basalt; Morris, 2007). Data are found in the online Supplemental data.
The Formation of Me(AOT)n Micelles as Nanoreactors, Crystallizers, and Charging Agents: Cation-Exchange Solvent Extraction versus Direct Injection Solubilization
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2020
Alexander I. Bulavchenko, Tatyana Yu. Podlipskaya, Marina G. Demidova, Evgeniya A. Terzi, Darya I. Beketova, Nina F. Beisel
Microemulsions prepared by extraction were used for crystallization of nitrate salts of alkali metals. As was shown above, microemulsions after extraction contain a solution of nitrate salt in the polar cores of micelles. Isothermal microemulsion crystallization[3] of lithium nitrate, which is present in the extract, was carried out. It was shown that isothermal crystallization (4 h, 45°C) first leads to precipitation of lithium nitrate trihydrate from the extract. When the extract is held at room temperature for 15‒24 h, a LiNO3 powder with the micron size particles crystallizes (Figure 8(a)), according to flame photometry and CHNS analysis data. To obtain ultradispersed KNO3 and CsNO3 powders, the injection method was employed. To this end, microemulsion after extraction was twice washed with water for 30 min under mild stirring to remove the salt that resides in micelle cores and is not bound to the AOT– anion. After that, water was removed from the washed extracts by stirring in an open beaker at 35‒40°C for 3‒6 h; this was followed by injection of CsNO3 and KNO3 solutions in the extracts.
Investigation of performance and emissions of diesel engine run on biodiesel produced from karanja oil in a single-step transesterification process using heterogeneous catalyst (lithium-impregnated calcium oxide)
Published in Biofuels, 2020
Rupesh L. Patel, Chandresh D. Sankhavara
Calcium oxide was produced from calcium carbonate by decomposing at 750 °C for 4.5 h. Lithium-impregnated calcium oxide was prepared by a wet impregnation method. Two grams of lithium nitrate was dissolved in 10 mL of water. This solution was mixed into a solution of 10 g of calcium oxide with 40 mL of water and the mixture was stirred for 2 h by magnetic stirrer. Then it was dried in an oven at 110 °C for 24 h. The X-ray diffraction pattern of Li-CaO is shown in Figure 1. The sample was scanned in the range of 2θ = 10–80°. The intense peaks at 2θ ∼ 30.566, 52.65, 62.113 and 77.68 correspond to d-values of 2.924, 1.738, 1.494 and 1.229, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. The intense peak at 2θ ∼ 36.549 corresponding to a d-value of 2.458 confirms the presence of Li and CaO in Li-CaO. The particle grain size of the catalyst was determined by the Debye Scherrer method [27]. The particle grain size of prepared CaO and Li-CaO was found to be 20.23 nm and 37.98 nm, respectively.