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Additive Manufacturing and Characterisation of Biomedical Materials
Published in Ashwani Kumar, Mangey Ram, Yogesh Kumar Singla, Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications, 2022
AM can be a powerful tool to fabricate dental implants. Not only does the layer-by-layer approach (followed in AM-based techniques) reduce material consumption, but it also allows the fabrication of complex-shaped components. Recently, lithium disilicate glass-ceramic dental restorations have been manufactured using a stereolithography-based AM technique, with a high flexural strength (>400 MPa) [87]. Mitteramskogler et al. [87] have utilised the vat polymerisation technique and utilised a modified digital light processing system to improve the geometrical accuracy of 45 vol% ZrO2 green parts [87]. ZrO2-toughened Al2O3 ceramics have also been fabricated using the vat polymerisation technique [77]. Liu et al. [88] have manufactured HA porous scaffolds using the vat polymerisation technique. Moreover, the aforementioned scaffolds have been reported to demonstrate good in-vitro biocompatibility for orthopaedic applications. Schmidleithner et al. [71] have also used the vat polymerisation technique to manufacture TCP scaffolds (with <2 vol.% error in porosity and <6% deviation from the mean pore size) for the regeneration of bone tissues. Table 3.4 summarises the classification, fabrication technique and application of some of the commonly used bioceramics.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanoporous Systems: Dynamic Heterogeneity, Self-Organization of Voids, and Self-Healing Processes
Published in Junko Habasaki, Molecular Dynamics of Nanostructures and Nanoionics, 2020
Applications of the healing process are emerging in many fields. Here we discuss the possible direction of the healing mechanism related to the porous lithium silicate systems. Recently, lithium disilicate and related materials have been used as dental ceramics. Due to its hardness, stability, and high thermal shock resistance, it is expected to play roles as the dental materials [28]. For example, IPS Empress® glass-ceramics (Ivoclar Vivadent) consists of 70% of needle-like lithium disilicate crystals embedded in a glassy matrix [29] and appear to have a good quality to fulfill the dental standard for abrasion behavior, chemical durability, and optical properties such as translucency of all glass-ceramics. As shown in the previous section, self-healing property of Li rich composition such as in lithium metasilicate can have a better self-healing ability. In this kind of application, a self-healing ability is one of the desirable properties, although it may have a trade-off relation with some of the other ones such as hardness.
Investigation of two-body wear behavior of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic for biomedical applications; in vitro chewing simulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
In recent years, various CAD/CAM ceramic materials have been developed in accordance with the esthetic demands of clinical studies (Elsaka and Elnaghy 2016). The development of ceramic materials in this area aims to have better mechanical, chemical stability and esthetic properties of the material as long as in the oral environment (Marocho et al. 2010). The use of zirconia as a core in ceramic materials increased the mechanical properties of the all-ceramic restorations (Kelly and Benetti 2011). IPS e.max glass-ceramic material is one of the monolithic ceramic systems that gives popularity to anterior and posterior single crowns and partial coverage restorations due to their mechanical and esthetic properties (Kelly and Benetti 2011; Niu et al. 2013; Elsaka and Elnaghy 2016). IPS e.max type glass-ceramic materials can be heat-compressed or obtained with a CAD/CAM production process (Elsaka and Elnaghy 2016). IPS e.max ceramic material is first introduced in the literature as a substrate or core material characterized by better translucency than high strength ceramic materials (Ritter 2010). Anatomically contoured monolithic restorations can be made due to the different tones of enhanced translucency and lithium disilicate (Fasbinder et al. 2010). This feature gives the type glass-ceramic IPS e.max materials an esthetic advantage. The process can be summarized as follows; machinable lithium disilicate ceramic blocks show a bluish color and consist of a metasilicate phase. Finally, the metasilicate phase is transferred to the lithium disilicate ceramic structure obtained by crystallization firing at 840 °C for 25 minutes (Elsaka and Elnaghy 2016).