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The Electric Fuel Tank
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
As mentioned, the most significant variation in lithium battery construction is in the composition of the cathode. A common cathode material, particularly for mobile phones and laptop computers, is Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2 or LCO). The material is defined by a layered structure, with the lithium ions held between the layers of cobalt oxide. This configuration can hold a fair amount of ions, so offers a high specific energy. However, these batteries can also be susceptible to plating as lithium ions can have trouble accessing the layered structure. So, a high charge rate is problematic and can lead to a significantly diminished service life; and the high cost of cobalt doesn’t help. For these reasons, these batteries are not generally utilized in the automotive industry.
Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Separation in Bioelectrochemical Systems and Relative Significance of Precipitation
Published in Sonia M. Tiquia-Arashiro, Deepak Pant, Microbial Electrochemical Technologies, 2020
Cobalt can be found in some minerals and they are mostly produced as a by-product of nickel refining. Cobalt has many industrial and medical applications. It is widely used in lithium-ion batteries where the cathode is made by lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2). Various technologies such as ion exchange, chemical precipitation and solvent extraction have been used to recover cobalt (Marafi and Stanislaus 2008). BES was also proposed to separate the cobalt from aqueous solution.
Synthesis of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3-coated LiCoO2 cathode powder for all-solid-state lithium batteries
Published in Powder Metallurgy, 2023
Ki-Sun Nam, Kangsanin Kim, Kyungsun Kim, Jon-Won Lee, Ji-Woong Moon, Haejin Hwang
Further, the electrochemical performance of ASSBs strongly depends on the interface between the solid electrolyte and cathode [4]. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) and Li6PS5Cl are the widely used cathodes and electrolytes for ASSB. However, ASSB suffer from unwanted interfacial reactions, which can lead to poor cycling performance [5]. To improve the electrochemical performance of ASSBs by expanding the lithium-ion conduction pathway and controlling the interfacial reaction between the CAM and the solid electrolyte, CAM surfaces coated with oxide-based lithium-ion conductors such as LiTaO3, LiNbO3, Li4Ti5O12 and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) have been proposed in several studies [6–8]. Among these, LATP is the most promising solid electrolyte for CAM coatings because of its high lithium-ion conductivity, chemical stability with CAMs, wide electrochemical window and low cost [9,10]. The LATP@LCO|PEO-LiTFSI|Li cell exhibited good cycle stability at a high charging cut-off voltage of 4.2 V10. Nie et al. reported that an LATP coating layer can mitigate the surface catalytic effect, which causes H2 gas release in PEO-based solid polymer batteries [11].
Pulse ultrasonication leaching approach for selective Li leaching from spent LFP cathode material
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Ahmet Salih Surel, Mehmet Furkan Gul, Emircan Uysal, Duygu Yesiltepe-Ozcelik, Sebahattin Gurmen
A significant and promising method for the efficient recycling of LFP batteries is hydrometallurgical recycling. The process of hydrometallurgical recycling involves extracting metals from waste sources via using water-based solutions, and also high metal recovery rates, high product purity, low energy usage, and little gas emission are a few of the appealing benefits of hydrometallurgical processes [6]. Even, hydrometallurgical recycling is used not only for LFP but also for recycling many lithium-ion batteries such as NMC (Nickel-manganese–cobalt) [7, 8]. These studies have focused on the recovery of lithium and cobalt from batteries with a chemical composition of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), as well as the recovery of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese metals from batteries with a chemical composition of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) [9, 10]. During the hydrometallurgical recycling of LFP cathode materials, the olivine structure of LFP cathode materials is destroyed, and the individual Li and Fe are leached [11]. Among the leaching processes, the process based on the dissolution of only the target metal is called selective leaching. Through the use of a selective leaching procedure, lithium is extracted from disseminated LFP batteries while iron and phosphorus are kept as potentially useful by-products. Because it is more energy efficient, produces high-value products, produces less waste, and is ecologically benign, hydrometallurgical recycling stands out as the best technique for recycling lithium-ion batteries, including LFP batteries.
Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries from Industrial Processing: Upscaled Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Recovery of High Purity Manganese by Solvent Extraction
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2023
Nathália Vieceli, Claudia Vonderstein, Thomas Swiontekc, Srecko Stopić, Christian Dertmann, Reiner Sojka, Niclas Reinhardt, Christian Ekberg, Bernd Friedrich, Martina Petranikova
Spent lithium-ion batteries from different sources and chemistries (lithium cobalt oxide – LCO, and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide – NMC) were used in this study. The battery packs were first discharged using a vacuum chamber treatment. The discharged battery cells were liberated from their casing by mechanical treatment using an impact mill. After that, the cells were thermally treated by pyrolysis. The furnace consisted of an electrically heated stainless-steel retort with an attached subsequent condensing system and redundant evacuation equipment. Incremental heating led to the distillation of the electrolyte and pyrolysis of contained plastics including the PVDF-binder of the electrodes. After that, the thermally treated cells were submitted to shredding and magnetic separation to remove the steel casing from the cells and the Fe-rich fraction. Subsequently, the black mass was sieved at 1 mm. The fraction rich in Al and Cu foils was removed in the coarse fraction (>1 mm) and the black mass was obtained as the main product in the fine fraction (<1 mm). These procedures were performed by Accurec Recycling GmbH (Germany) and the main processing steps carried out to produce the black mass are depicted in Figure 1.