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Chemicals from Non-hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
A diluted solution of lime sulfur, which is produced by combining calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) with elemental sulfur in water, is used as a dip for animals to destroy ringworm fungus, mange, and other skin infections and parasite. Sulfur dioxide and various sulfites have been used for their antioxidant antibacterial preservative properties in many other parts of the food industry. The practice has declined since reports of an allergy-like reaction of some persons to sulfites in foods. Precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are used, in form of lotions, creams, powders, soaps, and bath additives, for the treatment of some forms of acne and dermatitis. Magnesium sulfate (also known as epsom salts when in hydrated crystal form) can be used as a laxative, a bath additive, an exfoliant, a magnesium supplement for plants, or (when in dehydrated form) as a desiccant.
Applications and challenges of elemental sulfur, nanosulfur, polymeric sulfur, sulfur composites, and plasmonic nanostructures
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Yong Teng, Qixing Zhou, Peng Gao
Agrochemicals and fertilizers are the biggest agricultural uses of elemental sulfur. It is also used as a soil pH regulator and nutritional amendment, yielding sulfate, and promoting phosphorus uptake in plants (Griffith et al., 2015). It is found that two sulfur forms (elemental sulfur and gypsum) could increase rice yields, and decrease grain Cd concentration through reducing Cd transfer from roots to shoots and the percentage of labile Cd in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. And the gypsum treatment showed greater effects (Zhang et al., 2019). Inorganic polysulfides are important in industry for rubber vulcanization, and in agriculture where they are used in the form of lime-sulfur or calcium polysulfides-Ca(Sx) as an alternative fungicide and insecticide to elemental sulfur (Griffith et al., 2015). In addition, alkaline polysulfides can be the active sulfur source for the synthesis of nanosulfur with the average particles size around 20–50 nm (Goswami et al., 2010).
Efficient removal of cyanide from industrial effluent using acid treated modified surface activated carbon
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Arif Hussain Jauto, Sheeraz Ahmed Memon, Azizullah Channa, Asif Hussain Khoja
Recently, industrial wastewater containing cyanide is treated through different chemical oxidation methods such as oxidization, wet-air oxidation, chlorination, distillation and biological treatment (Botz 2001; Chergui et al. 2015; Dash, Gaur, and Balomajumder 2009; Iakovleva et al. 2018; Kepa, Stanczyk-Mazanek, and Stepniak 2008; Khosravi et al. 2018; Li et al. 1999; Noroozi et al. 2018; Tyagi et al. 2018). However, these methods are considered as costly and toxic chemicals are used as a reagent (chlorine and sodium hypochlorite and sulfur oxide) (Botz 2001; Halet et al. 2015; Yu et al. 2016). These treatment processes increase the additional level of detoxification (Ebbs 2004; Noroozi et al. 2018). The other treatment processes like by SO2/air, thermal hydrolysis, lime-sulfur, volatilization, Caro's acid, copper-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide, electrolytic oxidation, ion exchange, AVR acidification are too much expensive and cannot degrade cyanide ions in many cases (Noroozi et al. 2018; Tyagi et al. 2018).