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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The diagnosis of bacterial infection can occur via a variety of methods which includes: Direct visualisation of bacteria via microscopy of human samples including body fluids and faeces. Bacteria can also be cultured from human specimen such as blood in specially prepared culture media that provide an ideal environment for these organisms to grow, for example, the use of blood cultures to diagnose infection with Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.Serology: this involves the use of a variety of techniques to detect and quantify specific antibodies in human samples or provide evidence of raised antibody titres from paired specimen following infection with a specific pathogen.Molecular methods: this approach involves the detection of specific molecules or genetic material using techniques such as probe hybridisation, PCR amplification and ligase chain reaction.Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsiae and Coxiellae – These organisms represent a heterogeneous group of bacteria with unique phenotypic characteristic that are dependent on living cells for their survival.
Genomics and Bionanotechnology
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Bionanotechnology, 2018
DNA amplification is the process to copy number of sequences of DNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) invented by Kary B. Mullis in 1980s is the first DNA amplification technique designed initially to study DNA in small quantities (Mullis 1990). With the advancements in PCR, it is possible to isolate and detect target DNA sequence, mutation or polymorphisms, paternity of child, genetic diseases, study human genome, and match DNA in forensic science. Different nucleic acid amplification techniques based on PCR have been modified for applications in molecular medicine. For instance, ligase chain reaction (LCR) is used for gene mutation characterization and detection of infectious diseases; nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and related transcription-mediated amplification are used for infection diagnosis such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, and branched DNA-based detection for diagnostic purpose (Sorscher 1997).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The diagnosis of bacterial infection can occur via a variety of methods which includes:Direct visualisation of bacteria via microscopy of human samples including body fluids and faeces. Bacteria can also be cultured from human specimen such as blood in specially prepared culture media that provide an ideal environment for these organisms to grow, for example the use of blood cultures to diagnose infection with Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.Serology: this involves the use of a variety of techniques to detect and quantify specific antibodies in human samples or provide evidence of raised antibody titres from paired specimen following infection with a specific pathogen.Molecular methods: this approach involves the detection of specific molecules or genetic material using techniques such as probe hybridisation, PCR amplification, and ligase chain reaction.
Adaptive risk-based pooling in public health screening
Published in IISE Transactions, 2018
Hrayer Aprahamian, Ebru K. Bish, Douglas R. Bish
We consider the Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR) chlamydia test, a commonly used test for chlamydia screening. We model the sensitivity of the LCR test by the sensitivity function given in Equation (5), with calibration parameter , Se(1, 1) = 1.0 (by our assumption; see Section 2.2), and Sp = 0.98. This function was validated using published empirical data, and provides a good fit for the LCR test (see the online supplementary material for details). As stated above, to account for the uncertainty in data values used in our case study, we conduct various one-way sensitivity analyses on the mean prevalence rate, μp, dilution parameter, α, and the individual test sensitivity, Se(1, 1). The values of all input parameters, data sources, and values considered in the one-way sensitivity analyses are summarized in Table 3.