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Adhesives, Sealants, Surface Finishes, and More
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Some lead-based paints also contain hexavalent chromium (e.g., lead chromate). Hexavalent chromium is a highly toxic, carcinogenic regulated substance. Some non-lead-based paints contain strontium chromate which has been identified by the ACGIH as even more toxic than hexavalent chromate. These paints are highly durable and are used primarily on steel structures (e.g., beams and bridges), and yellow lead chromate is typically used on roads to mark traffic no pass zones. Exposures may occur during renovation/demolition projects, new construction spray painting in a similar fashion to that of lead.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Lead is a very-widely used metal but at the same time it is a subtle and persistent poison. It has been recognized as a serious health hazard. The paint and toy industries have traditionally used lead, cadmium and chromium based pigments due to their colouring power and opacity, notable among them being C.I. Pigment Yellow 34 (lead sulphochromate) and C.I. Pigment Red 104 (lead chromate molybdate sulphate). They may look safe because of their low acute toxicity at LD50> 5000 mg/kg. However, long term exposure to them is found to be hazardous, causing inactivation of enzymes and disturbances in the synthesis of haemoglobin (Wakankar, 2013). Lead is a serious neurotoxin that can damage the reading and reasoning ability of children. In fact, the absorption of lead is more by children than adults, as it is influenced by factors like age and physiological status. Exposure to lead happens primarily by lead-contaminated dust particles or aerosols, and ingestion of lead-contaminated food, water and paints. Toxic effects caused by the metal are usually detected in kidney, nervous and gastrointestinal system, reproductive organs and other soft tissues, with a long term deposition accumulating in bones (Nolan & Shaikh, 1992). Lead poisoning is believed to affect the pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant balance that exists in humans by producing reactive oxygen species prompting oxidative stress in tissues, DNA and proteins (Hsu & Guo, 2002). The nervous system is the most vulnerable target for the toxicity. The early symptoms of the effect on the central nervous system are headache, poor attention span, irritability, memory loss and dullness (Kaur et al., 2019).