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Inorganic, Coordination and Organometallic Compounds
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
Kiran Meghwal, Sharoni Gupta, Chetna Gomber
A new nano-sized lead(II) coordination polymer of maleic acid (H2Mal), [Pb(μ7-Mal)]n has been synthesized by Aboutorabi and Morsali (2010) via sonochemical method. The compound was structurally characterized by single-crystal XRD. Thermal stability of nano and bulk samples of compound was compared with each other. Pure-phase microsized lead (II) oxide was produced after the calcination of nano-sized compound at 600 °C. The morphology of compound is also quite interesting. It is a nano flower-like structure formed by nano-plates with sizes of about 40-70 nm. XRD shows that the complex in the solid state is a 2D polymeric network.
Incendiary Compositions
Published in Ajoy K. Bose, Military Pyrotechnics, 2021
The oxidisers used are oxides of boron, silicon, chromium, iron, copper, lead, etc. like boron (III) oxide, silicon (IV) oxide, chromium (III) oxide, manganese (IV) oxide, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, copper (II) oxide, lead (II) oxide, lead (III) oxide and lead (IV) oxide, etc.
Analytical Chemistry
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
ness and then dissolving the precipitate with distilled water to a final volume of 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (for the oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of sodium hydroxide nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth (III) nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto an iron plate to cool. When cooled, break up in a mortar, extract with distilled water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of sodium hydroxide in distilled water and dilute to 1 L. Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of distilled water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt of sodium oxalate in 1 L of distilled water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and let stand until clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of distilled water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is sulfate-free and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL distilled water. Add 5 g of litharge (lead (II) oxide) and boil until dissolved. Sodium polysulfide. Dissolve 480 g of sodium sulfide nonahydrate in 500 mL of distilled water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with distilled water. Sonnenschein's reagent. See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution. 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of mercury (II) iodide with a small amount of distilled water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling distilled water and boil further for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not be clear on boiling; it should then be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch that keeps stable indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of aqueous saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of distilled water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and further heat for 2 minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of mercury (II) iodide using as little cold distilled water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling distilled water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water is actually boiling. Cool and add 4 g of potassium iodide. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will be stable if stored under a layer of toluene. Stoke's reagent. Dissolve 30 g of iron (II) sulfate and 20 g of tartaric acid in distilled water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated ammonium hydroxide until the precipitate that is initially formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently boiled distilled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde's reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid.
Heavy metals in municipal waste: the content and leaching ability by waste fraction
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
The use of lead in decorative paints has noticeably reduced, while lead sulfur and lead chromate remain in demand because of low cost and good anti-corrosion properties [22]. Today, most household paints usually contain less than 90 ppm of lead. Lead may be discarded in municipal waste or directly with residual paints or along with dust, for example, during the walls processing. Lead naphthenate and lead oxide Pb3O4 are used in alkyd paints to accelerate drying and in primer paints to prevent corrosion. Many organometallic lead compounds (e.g. lead arsenate AsHO4Pb) are still used in pesticides [7]. Glass is another source of lead: lead (II) oxide is used to strengthen the color and brightness of glass. Besides, lead-antimony and lead-acid batteries contain much lead. Lead is sometimes added to the zinc anode of household batteries to reduce corrosion. Some authors [20] have found lead oxides in lead crystal glass. Also, lead-silicate glass is used in fluorescent lamps. The release of lead from other WEEE was reported by Lincoln et al. [23]. For example, an old monitor or TV with cathode-ray tube contains 1–3 kg of lead accounting up to 10% of the total lead in household waste [18, 24]. According to Morf et al. [17], the average lead concentration in e-waste is 2.9 g kg−1. Some lead compounds (e.g. lead sulfide) are used in transistors of electrical devices, as well as in some cosmetic products, e.g. creams [17]. It is important to know which compounds are soluble and therefore pose a greater danger to the environment. Among lead compounds mentioned above, very low solubility have lead arsenate and lead sulfate have very low solubility while, other substances are insoluble.