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Numerical Methods in Reaction Engineering
Published in James J. Carberry, Arvind Varma, Chemical Reaction and Reactor Engineering, 2020
John Villadsen, Michael L. Michelsen
Convergence is obtained in a few iterations, and total computing time (WATFIV compiler, Harwell VBO1AD parameter estimation program) is 0.2 s. The results are Dar=1.994±0.1%ψ=0.104±2% The error of ψ is substantial, considering that the data are accurate to three digits, an accuracy that is not likely to be found in practice. The rate constant is, however, determined with the expected small standard deviation. The two parameters are strongly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.95) and this, combined with the large standard deviation of ψ, shows that the use of laminar flow reactor data for y¯ are unsuitable for determination of ψ, based on a “known” value of Da. A small error in the rate constant will be strongly magnified when ψ is estimated. Conversely, an approximate value for ψ is all we need to determine a very good estimate for the rate constant, using exactly the same data.
Introduction
Published in Kwang Leong Choy, Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), 2019
It is worth mentioning that the floating process is important to the glass production, as shown in Figure 1.83, and APCVD process is widely used to coat glass. An example is the deposition of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) (SnO2:F) by Pilkington-NSG [146b]. There are two different configurations such as turbulent flow CVD coater and laminar flow CVD coater that can be used in the APCVD process [146b]. Adherence and uniform SnO2:F coating is being manufactured during on-line coating of glass by APCVD to reduce handling, and possible contamination or any subsequent washing step, thus enhancing coating adhesion onto glass substrates. Regarding the tin oxide deposition, the following tin precursors could be used including stannic chloride, monobutyl tin trichloride, and dimethyl tin dichloride. The fluorine dopant precursors could be hydrogen fluoride and trifluoro acetic acid. Equation (1.1) shows an example of the precursors used and chemical reaction for the deposition of SnO2:F. SnO2:F can be grown at rates (e.g., >100 nm/s) to match the line speed of the continuous glass translation speed to achieve high throughput and achieve the required thickness in less than 2s. Stable chemistry establish for continuous operation for many days high-efficiency, high-volume manufacturing for further cost reduction, in addition to the non-vacuum process. There is a lot of gas phase reaction and the turbulent flow reactor has a low precursor efficiency <10%. Hence, the laminar flow reactor has also been developed to increase the precursor efficiency [146b].
Introduction
Published in Kwang Leong Choy, Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), 2019
It is worth mentioning that the floating process is important to the glass production, as shown in Figure 1.83, and APCVD process is widely used to coat glass. An example is the deposition of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) (SnO2:F) by Pilkington-NSG [146b]. There are two different configurations such as turbulent flow CVD coater and laminar flow CVD coater that can be used in the APCVD process [146b]. Adherence and uniform SnO2:F coating is being manufactured during on-line coating of glass by APCVD to reduce handling, and possible contamination or any subsequent washing step, thus enhancing coating adhesion onto glass substrates. Regarding the tin oxide deposition, the following tin precursors could be used including stannic chloride, monobutyl tin trichloride, and dimethyl tin dichloride. The fluorine dopant precursors could be hydrogen fluoride and trifluoro acetic acid. Equation (1.1) shows an example of the precursors used and chemical reaction for the deposition of SnO2:F. SnO2:F can be grown at rates (e.g., >100 nm/s) to match the line speed of the continuous glass translation speed to achieve high throughput and achieve the required thickness in less than 2s. Stable chemistry establish for continuous operation for many days high-efficiency, high-volume manufacturing for further cost reduction, in addition to the non-vacuum process. There is a lot of gas phase reaction and the turbulent flow reactor has a low precursor efficiency <10%. Hence, the laminar flow reactor has also been developed to increase the precursor efficiency [146b].
Research advances on metal fuels without carbon dioxide emissions
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Hailong Jing, Haitao Yang, Xiaohua Yu, Jiacheng Hu, Jiaxin Cheng, Rongxing Li
Lithium combustion tends to be accompanied by severe formation of aerosol formation. This requires careful treatment of flue gas. The combustion process of lithium particles with diameters smaller than 250 mm in a laminar flow reactor was analyzed in a uniformly surrounded flame by Schiemann et al. (Schiemann et al. 2014). The exhaust gas from the methane-air flame produces the reactants O2, CO2, N,2 and water, promoting the reflection of lithium. Studies have shown that there are two different combustion phenomena during combustion. The first is a flame that is uniformly surrounded by lithium particles. The second is a reaction zone near the lithium particles. The reaction products undergo condensation or multiphase reactions on the particle surface, resulting in a second surface reaction zone.
Design and qualification of a bench-scale model for municipal waste-to-energy combustion
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Robert J. Giraud, Philip H. Taylor, R. Bertrum Diemer, Chin-Pao Huang
Figure 7 illustrates the temperature profile measured along the length of the reactor tube of the bench-scale system with 660 sccm synthetic air flow as well as corresponding values for the three thermocouples along the wall of the reactor tube (T24, T3, and T25). These three continuously monitored wall temperatures are within 0.5% (5°C) of interior gas temperatures. In the direction of flow, the three furnace zone setpoints required to achieve this profile were 991°C, 977°C, and 987°C. Under these conditions, a gas residence time of 2 seconds is achieved over an effective length of 66 cm for this 14 mm I.D. laminar flow reactor. The shape of the curve in Figure 7 is comparable to the temperature profile of the laminar flow reactor used by García , Viciano, and Font (2007; Esperanza, Font, and Garc‡a 2000) in fuel-rich combustion experiments and approximates the “square wave” temperature profile advocated by Rubey and Carnes (1985) for precise control over gas residence time.
Catalytic valorization of raw glycerol derived from biodiesel: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2018
Sravanthi Veluturla, Narula Archna, D. Subba Rao, N. Hezil, I.S. Indraja, S. Spoorthi
Even though fewer works are published on conversion of glycerol by pyrolysis, it still holds equal importance to other reactions. Stein et al., in 1983, carried out pyrolysis at 650°C in a laminar flow reactor [43]. Initially, CO, acetaldehyde and acrolien were obtained as the products. On further decomposition of the products, ethylene, methane and hydrogen were obtained along with CO. A fixed-bed reaction was carried out, for the pyrolysis of glycerol, in which the study of the reaction with and without the use of nitrogen carrier gas was conducted. The reaction was studied in a temperature range of 300–700°C. It was observed that the reaction was successful only in the presence of carrier gas and that the gaseous product was syngas i.e. H2/CO ratio: 1.77 [44].