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Caffeine – a common psychoactive stimulant – from a socio-cultural perspective
Published in Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson, Food and the Risk Society, 2016
Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson
Energy drinks may or may not be carbonated, and generally contain large amounts of caffeine and other stimulants. They may also contain sugar or artificial sweeteners, herbal extracts and amino acids. Energy drinks, with added caffeine, vitamins, taurine, guarana, kola nut, yerba mate and herbal supplements, are sold to improve drinkers’ performance and alertness. The additional ingredients may act in synergy to provide a stimulant effect greater than that provided by caffeine alone (Miller 2008; O’Brien et al. 2008).
Assessing plant uptake of organic contaminants by food crops tomato, wheat, and corn through sap concentration factor
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Majid Bagheri, Xiaolong He, Mariam K. Al-Lami, Nadege Oustriere, Wenyan Liu, Matt A. Limmer, Honglan Shi, Joel G. Burken
Caffeine, a bitter alkaloid (C8H10N4O2) found especially in coffee, tea, cacao, and kola nuts native to South American and east Asia is a plant secondary product and an artificially manufactured medication used as a stimulant and diuretic. Exogenous caffeine is very persistent in surface waters due to significant solubility and negligible volatility (Zhang et al. 2013). Human exposure to exogenous caffeine in excess of 50 mg per day results in transgenerational effects on cardiac morphology, function, and gene expression (Rivkees and Wendler 2017). Approximately 90% in the United States regularly consume caffeine (Meredith et al. 2013). Significant amounts of this massive consumption is expelled in urine and persists through normal sewage treatment (Halling-Sørensen et al. 1998) such that exogenous caffeine is sometimes a suitable indication for contamination of surface waters by human waste (Buerge et al. 2003). Land application of biosolids and irrigation with reclaimed wastewater are the major routes of disseminating exogenous caffeine in crops (Chuang et al. 2018), which are the bases of animal and human food chains accumulation of exogenous caffeine (Miller et al. 2016).