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Electro-Fermentation Technology: Synthesis of Chemicals and Biofuels
Published in Kuppam Chandrasekhar, Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu, Bio-Electrochemical Systems, 2022
Devashish Tribhuvan, V. Vinay, Saurav Gite, Shadab Ahmed
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are linear organic short-chain fatty acids with six or fewer carbon atoms, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid (Figure 6.5). VFAs have an industrial application in several sectors, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polymer, food and beverage, textiles, and plastic production (Baumann & Westermann, 2016). Also, VFAs can be used as precursors for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate, generating electricity and biogas production (Mengmeng et al., 2009). Hence, VFAs are the major products to be recovered from electro-fermentation. Nowadays, researchers have begun to use sewage sludge for production of VFAs and are exploring all possibilities to further improve product yield (Ma et al., 2016). Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) derived from waste are generally acknowledged as a viable alternative to petroleum-based compounds. Mainly acetogenic and chain elongating microbes are involved in the conversion of organic and inorganic substrates to VFAs (Bhatia & Yang, 2017). The metabolic pathway followed by glucose to produce acids is mentioned in Figure 6.5 and a list of the different microbes and substrates used for VFA production are highlighted in Table. 6.1.
Bacterial Biodeterioration
Published in Thomas Dyer, Biodeterioration of Concrete, 2017
In a similar study, a solution mimicking the composition of pig manure was used [124]. This comprised 0.21 mol/l of acetic acid, 0.04 mol/l propionic acid, 0.02 mol/l butyric acid, 0.01 mol/l isobutyric acid and 0.003 mol/l of valeric acid. The solution was regularly refreshed to maintain these concentrations. Figure 3.29 shows how the development of deteriorated depth settles into what approximates to a linear relationship with respect to time under these conditions. The pH of these solutions was adjusted to 4 and 6 using sodium hydroxide, and it is evident that pH plays an important role, with a high pH solution yielding less damage. GGBS was found to improve performance. 10% Silica fume also enhanced resistance, albeit to a slightly lesser extent [125].
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, () D-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid L-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate 2-(-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine 3-Hydroxy-1-propyne Hydroxypyruvic acid 2-Hydroxyquinoline 3-Hydroxyquinoline 4-Hydroxyquinoline 5-Hydroxyquinoline 6-Hydroxyquinoline 7-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate 8-Hydroxysantonin 12-Hydroxysteric acid N-Hydroxysuccinimide 3-Hydroxy-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one 4-Hydroxyundecanoic acid lactone Hygrine Hymecromone Hyodeoxycholic acid Hypoxanthine riboside Ibogaine Icosane Imidazole-4-acrylic acid 1H-Imidazole, 2-heptadecyl-4,5dihydro-, monoacetate 6H-Imidazo[4,5-d]pyrimidine Imidodicarbonimidic diamide Imidole 2,2'-Iminobisacetonitrile 1,1'-Iminobis-2-propanol N-(Iminomethyl)-L-glutamic acid 2-Indanone Indanthrene Indigo Carmine Indium trimethyl Indoleacetic acid Indolebutyric acid Indole-3-pyruvic acid 3-Indolylacetone 3-Indolylacrylic acid Indonaphthene 5'-Inosinic acid Iodinated glycerol Iodine cyanide 3-Iodoacetophenone 4-Iodoacetophenone Iodoalphionic acid o-Iodoanisole m-Iodoanisole p-Iodoanisole Iodobenzene diacetate Iodochlorhydroxyquin Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Iodoform Iodopyrrole Iodoquinol N-Iodosuccinimide o-Iodotoluene m-Iodotoluene 5-Iodouracil : 2414 : 2415 : 6574 : 6575 : 6576 : 310 : 9141 : 2456 : 9175 : 6138 : 9433 : 9434 : 9435 : 9436 : 9437 : 9438 : 9439 : 9441 : 516 : 6133 : 6189 : 6015 : 5708 : 7761 : 6084 : 3715 : 6260 : 6832 : 4681 : 10762 : 5595 : 9293 : 866 : 9392 : 6225 : 3793 : 5454 : 3631 : 3593 : 6240 : 10568 : 6244 : 6246 : 8464 : 6257 : 6258 : 6235 : 6261 : 6301 : 2516 : 6333 : 6334 : 6027 : 6308 : 6309 : 6310 : 8905 : 2083 : 1699 : 10450 : 9906 : 3773 : 6342 : 6311 : 6312 : 6341 -Ionol -Ionol Ipodate Irganox 1076 Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioatoS,S')-, (OC-6-11)Isatin Isatin, 3-thiosemicarbazone Isoascorbic acid Isobutenyl methyl ketone Isobutryic anhydride Isobutyl alcohol 5-Isobutyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate Isobutyl bromide Isobutyl chloride Isobutyl cyanide Isobutyl enanthate Isobutyl iodide Isobutyl isovalerate Isobutyl mercaptan Isobutyl methyl ketone 2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid Isobutyl propionate Isobutyl propyl ketone Isobutyl salicylate Isobutyl urethane Isobutyric acid Isobutyric acid chloride Isobutyronitrile Isochroman Isocinchomeronic acid Isocoumarin Isocrotonic acid Isocrotononitrile Isocumene 4-Isocyanato-1,1'-biphenyl Isocyanatocyclohexane 1-Isocyanatooctadecane 1-Isocyanatopropane Isodurene Isoestradiol Isoflavone Isoguanine Isohexane Isohexyl alcohol 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 2-[(trichloromethyl)thio]Isoliquiritigenin 4--Isomaltosylglucose (+)-Isomenthol Isometheptene Isonicotinic acid Isonicotinic acid diethylamide Isonipecotic acid Isonitrosoacetone Isonitrosoacetophenone Isononanoic acid Isonootkatone Isooctane Isooctyl alcohol Isopentyl alcohol Isopentylamine Isopentyl benzoate Isopentyl bromide Isopentyl caproate Isopentyl chloride
Influence of inoculum-to-substrate ratio on biogas enhancement during biochar-assisted co-digestion of food waste and sludge
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Davidraj Johnravindar, Rajat Kumar, Liwen Luo, Zhao Jun, M. K. Manu, Hailong Wang, Jonathan W. C. Wong
The cumulative methane production was obtained from real-time data acquisition of the AMPTS-II system. The samples collected every second day were used to measure the physicochemical parameters such as volatile solid (VS), total solid (TS), pH, total ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4+-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) using standard analytical methods [21,24]. The regularly collected samples were used to quantify VFAs (acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, caproic acid, and isovaleric acid) by gas chromatography (GC-HP6890-Agilent, UAS) integrated with an FID (flame ionisation detector). In addition, total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) were determined at the beginning and after incubation to calculate the VS removal percentage. The elemental analysis was performed using a CHNS analyzer (Vario MACRO, Germany).
Effect of agitation pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of swine manure
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Yuan Yang, Guang Cheng, Yaoyue Li, Tenghao Wang, Fei Li, Weiwei Huang
Analysis of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), soluble polysaccharides, and soluble proteins were performed according to the procedures described in our previous work (Huang et al. 2016). Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was analyzed in accordance with the Standard Methods (APHA 2012). Oxidation-reduction potential value was measured directly in the digestate using a semi-solid ORP meter (OHAUS ST20R). pH value was measured directly in the digestate using a semi-solid pH meter (alalis PH400). A gas chromatograph (Agilent 6890, US) equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) was used for quantification of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), including acetic acid (HAc), propionic acid (HPr), isobutyric acid (iso-HBu), n-butyric acid (n-HBu), isovaleric acid (iso-HVa) and n-valeric acid (n-HVa). The biogas was collected by a gas collection bag and quantified for volume by water displacement method every 4 days. And the methane content in the biogas was analyzed by an Agilent 5890/TCD (US).
Natural microalgal cultivation systems using primary effluent and excess sludge
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Yamasaki Yukiyo, Shigemura Hiroyuki
For the digested sludge, mixed sludge mixture or digested sludge, mixed sludge, and microalgae mixture used in the methane gas generation potential test, water-soluble volatile fatty acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid) were analysed. The sludge at the start and end of the winter experiment was filtered through a membrane filter (pore size 0.2 μm) and the filtrate was analysed using an ion chromatograph apparatus composed of an ion chromatograph (IC20 Ion Chromatograph, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and chromatograph oven (IC25 Chromatography Oven, Dionex). The analysis was performed using the ion chromatographic method of the sewage test method 2012 edition (published by the Japan Sewerage Association).