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Hydrotropic Polymer Micelles for Cancer Therapeutics
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Sang Cheon Lee, Kang Moo Huh, Tooru Ooya, Kinam Park
Hydrotropy is a collective molecular phenomenon describing a solubilization process whereby the presence of large amounts of a second solute, called hydrotropes, results in an increased aqueous solubility of a poorly soluble compound.22,73 Hydrotropic agents are a diverse class of substances with wide industrial usage, including solubilizing agents in drug formulations, agents in the separation of isomeric mixtures, catalysts in heterogeneous phase chemical reactions, and fillers in cleaning formulations and cosmetics. Some examples of hydrotropic agents are nicotinamide and its derivatives, anionic benzoate, benzosulfonate, neutral phenol such as catechol and resorcinol, aliphatic glycolsulfate, and amino acid l-proline.22,74Figure 19.4 shows a variety of compounds that are classified as hydrotropic agents. Hydrotropic agents are characterized by a short, bulky, and compact moiety such as an aromatic ring, whereas surfactants have long hydrocarbon chains. In general hydrotropic agents have a shorter hydrophobic segment, leading to a higher water solubility, than that of surfactants. Other examples of hydrotropic materials are sodium gentisate, sodium glycinate, sodium toluate, sodium naphtoate, sodium ibuprofen, pheniramine, lysine, tryptophan, isoniazid, and urea.22,23 At concentrations higher than the minimal hydrotrope concentration, hydrotropic agents self-associate and form noncovalent assemblies of lowered polarity (i.e., nonpolar microdomains) to solubilize hydrophobic solutes. The self-aggregation of hydrotropic agents is different from surfactant self-assemblies (i.e., micelles), in that hydrotropes form planar or open-layer structures instead of forming compact spheroid assemblies.
Enhancement of aqueous solubility and extraction of lauric acid using hydrotropes and its interaction studies by COSMO-RS model
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
S. Balachandran, D. Gnana Prakash, R. Anantharaj, M. R. Danish John Paul
The solubility of lauri acid in various aqueous hydrotropic solutions such as SB, SS, UA and NI increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and its system temperatures. The solubility of lauric acid was increased to a maximum of 26.01 times in water at 313 K in the presence of SB as a hydrotrope. The dissolved lauric acid in the hydrotrope solutions can be easily recovered by knowing the MHC values of different hydrotropes. Further, COSMO-RS model was used to obtain a rudimentary understanding of hydrotrope (i.e., SB, SS, NI, and UA) – LA-water interactions for the experimentally successful hydrotropes. From this study, it was noted that SB, SS has possible molecular interaction and electron affinity with lauric acid than the other hydrotropes and it also has higher enhancement factor and higher solubilization tendency for LA. Henceforth, SB and SS were used as potential hydrotropes for the extraction of lauric acid from CPCO and CGECO. It was observed that the sodium benzoate hydrotrope solution is more efficient in the extraction of lauric acid from both CPCO and CGECO.
Eco-friendly printing paste replacing urea-based formulations in cotton printing
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Susana Vílchez, Adaris López, Jonathan Miras, María José Bleda, Albert M. Manich, Nuria Puigventós, Esteve Genís, Jordi Esquena
Most cotton fabrics are printed using reactive dyes, achieving high degree of wash fastness and bright fashion colours (Xie et al., 2009). Since the introduction of these dyes in 1957, urea has become essential as a hydrotropic agent in formulation of print pastes. Hydrotropes are amphiphilic molecules, generally with a short hydrophobic chain, which do not form micelles but nevertheless they increase solubility of poorly-water soluble compounds (Neuberg, 1916). They have been used in a wide range of applications, including separation processes or cleaning and personal care formulations (Burkinshaw, 2015). In the specific case of urea, it is a non-amphiphilic hydrotrope that promotes solubilization because its strong ability to form hydrogen bonds. It is known that urea promotes protein denaturalization and increases solubility of macromolecules in water. In this context, urea is well recognized as a chaotropic agent that disrupts the hydrogen bonding network of water, and consequently, it increases the hydration of macromolecules.
Delignification of cotton stalks using sodium cumene sulfonate for bioethanol production
Published in Biofuels, 2020
S. Karthyani, Ashok Pandey, Leena P. Devendra
In the case of NaCS, the maximum hydrotrope concentration is 30% due to solubility limitation. Figure 2b shows the interaction plot between biomass loading and pretreatment time. The plot suggests a lower biomass loading and a longer pretreatment time leading to maximum sugar yield, which is evident as the hydrotropic solubilization is a stepwise aggregation phenomenon and hence requires longer pretreatment time with the complex nature of the biomass constituent, i.e. lignin, that needs to be dissolved. Figure 2c reveals the interaction between pretreatment time and hydrotrope concentration, indicating that longer pretreatment time and higher hydrotrope concentration are essential for maximizing the sugar yield.