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Fuel Cells
Published in Sergio C. Capareda, Introduction to Renewable Energy Conversions, 2019
Heliocentris (a company with its main headquarters in Germany) develops a wide range of products including batteries, solar panels, conventional power generators, and fuel cells. They have established satellite offices around the world. The Heliocentris Group based in California has reported to have developed a commercial-scale fuel cell system called NEXA TM 1200, also discussed above. This is a 1.2 kW [1.61 hp] fuel cell system with the following specifications: The rated current is 52 amperes.The rated output is 1,200 watts [1.61 hp].The output voltage is 20 to 36 volts.The reported hydrogen consumption is 15 L/min [3.96 gpm].The air consumption is around 3,000 L/min [793 gpm].The hydrogen purity must be 99.99% or better.The main unit costs $9,000, while the controller costs $3,000.
Airport Requirements
Published in G. Daniel Brewer, Hydrogen Aircraft Technology, 2017
A schematic diagram which illustrates the flow of the liquefaction process is shown in Figure 7–2. A plot plan which shows the arrangement of the equipment planned for SFO is presented in Figure 7–3. The gaseous hydrogen feedstock is assumed to have a hydrogen purity of about 96.6%, containing nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane as impurities. The feedstock is introduced into the first stage of the four reciprocating hydrogen feed compressors. The compressed gas is then purified cryogenically to yield an extremely pure hydrogen gas which is then boosted to 600 psi in the second stage of the hydrogen gas compressors for delivery to the hydrogen liquefier cold boxes. In the liquefier, the hydrogen is not only liquefied but also converted to about 60% para hydrogen for normal operations, or 97% para for hydrogen which is delivered to the storage tanks for long-term storage.
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Published in Deniz Uner, Advances in Refining Catalysis, 2017
The effluent gas stream contains carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and excess steam produced in a steam reformer, and then passes through a reactor called a shift converter for water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. In WGS reaction, carbon monoxide produced by steam reforming reaction is reacted with steam to generate more hydrogen. Monitoring and analysis of catalyst performance are vital for these catalytic processes. Hydrogen produced from these reactions may reach a purity level of above 70%, and hydrogen purity may be increased over 99% via separation in high-performance adsorption units, e.g., pressure swing adsorption (PSA) [2,4].
Multi-objective optimization for methane, glycerol, and ethanol steam reforming using lichtenberg algorithm
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
T. A. Z. de Souza, J. L. J. Pereira, M. B. Francisco, C. A. R. Sotomonte, B. Jun Ma, G. F. Gomes, C. J. R. Coronado
In addition to changes in the thermodynamic behavior caused by different fuel compositions, there is also the need to optimize each steam reforming cycle according to particular cases. Optimization studies often select objectives such as hydrogen outflow, hydrogen concentration, and heat demanded by the process (Hajj Chehade et al. 2020), but each of them should be properly weighted according to the specific needs of the project. For instance, hydrogen production through steam glycerol reforming was reportedly enhanced for high steam/glycerol ratios, but higher steam flows also require more energy for the process (Authayanun et al. 2011). Similarly, hydrogen recovery was found to decrease when hydrogen purity is enhanced close to 100% (Xiuxin et al. 2021). Moreover, certain cycles have predefined parameters: while certain fuel cells limit the fraction of CO allowed in the reformed gas (Authayanun et al. 2011), the use of membrane separators for high-purity hydrogen production (Barbir 2005) and hydrogenation applications (Julio et al. 2021) require high pressures regardless of optimal conditions (Barbir 2005).
Experimental Investigation on the Combustion Characteristics of NH3/H2/air by the Spark Ignition and Turbulent Jet Ignition
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Zongkuan Liu, Lei Zhou, Lijia Zhong, Peilin Liu, Haiqiao Wei
Ammonia (purity 99.999%), synthetic air (21% O2/79% N2), and hydrogen (purity 99.999%) were utilized in the current experimental study. By adopting the heating system, the combustion chamber was maintained at about 360 K to avoid water condensation. In the SI mode, ammonia and air were mixed in the premixed can first, and then entered into the main chamber through the intake valve, while the hydrogen was filled into the main chamber separately as needed later. The quantity of each species in the main chamber was determined based on Dalton’s law of partial pressure. The measurement accuracy of the pressure transmitter is 0.25%, and the error of the process of gas mixture preparation is within 2%. The initial experimental conditions are listed in Table 1. The hydrogen concentration is defined as the ratio of H2 vol to (NH3+ H2+ air) vol, i.e.,
Changes in the morphometric, textural, and aromatic characteristics of shiitake mushrooms during combined humid-convective drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Shankar Subramaniam, Xin-Yao Wen, Zhen-Tao Zhang, Pu Jing
GC × GC analyses were performed on a Pegasus 4 D instrument (American LECO Corp., USA). Data were acquired using GC solution software (LECO, USA). The column was a 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm DB-WAX capillary column (Agilent Technologies, USA) for the first dimension. A 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm DB-5 column (Agilent Technologies, USA) was used for the second dimension. The settings were as follows: modulation period—6 s, splitless injection mode at 250 °C, oven temperature −40 °C, 3–110 °C min−1. Hydrogen (purity—99.9999%) was used as carrier gas. The temperature for the Q-TOF MS interface was 230 °C, photomultiplier—0.8 kV. Scanned mass range, m/z: 40–350, acquisition frequency—25 Hz. Standard homologous series of n-alkane solution, C7–C40 (1000 mg/mL, Anpel Labs., Shanghai) was also run along with samples for calculation of Linear Retention Indices. The compounds were identified with the aid of Wiley/NIST05/NIH mass spectral libraries. The approximate amounts of volatile compounds were determined in comparison of their peak areas with that of internal standard obtained from the total ion chromatograms (TIC).