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Halogen-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
The highest volume brominated flame retardant in use istetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) (Structure 5.1(b)) (IPCS, 1995), followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (DeBDE) (Structure 5.1(d)) (IPCS, 1994). Both of these flame retardants are aromatic compounds. The primary use of TBBPA is as a reactive intermediate in the production of flame-retarded epoxy resins used in printed circuit boards (IPCS, 1995). A secondary use for TBBPA is as an additive flame retardant in ABS systems. DeBDE is the second largest volume brominated flame retardant and is the largest volume brominated flame retardant used solely as an additive. The greatest use (by volume) of DeBDE is in high-impact polystyrene, which is primarily used to produce television cabinets. Secondary uses include ABS, engineering thermoplastics, polyolefins, thermosets, PVC, and elastomers. DeBDE is also widely used in textile applications as the flame retardant in latex-based back coatings (Pettigrew, 1993). Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a major brominated cyclo-aliphatic flame retardant, is primarily used in polystyrene foam. It is also used to flame-retard textiles.
Additives
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
As noted above, one of the ongoing problems involves the use of flame retardants that are not toxic. Many of the present flame retardants are based on hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) (15.21), which is widely used to help polystyrene foam insulation meet fire safety codes. Burning is complex but as noted in Equations 15.17 through 15.20 is believed to include the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals. HBCD, and other halogen-containing flame retardants, trap oxygen-produced free radicals, preventing them from continuing to propagate the burning. But HBCD releases various toxins in flames. DOW is developing a polymeric substituent. One major argument for polymeric flame retardants is the idea that as the polymeric flame retardants decompose, they will break into fragments 1000 Da long or longer, which are believed to be too large to penetrate cell walls; thus, they should not bioaccumulate or be toxic to us. The polymer currently being considered is a block copolymer of polystyrene and polypolybutadiene. The polybutadiene block is brominated, providing the flame resistance. Further, as the copolymer disintegrates, the polystyrene block provides styrene fragments that produce radical traps assisting in limiting further degradation. Further, as noted above, polystyrene produces lots of char material that assists in “smothering” the fire by preventing ready approach of oxygen.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
The other brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), is a non-aromatic brominated cyclic alkane primarily used in thermoplastic polymers with eventual use in styrene resins. It is used to a lesser extent in textile coatings, latex binders, cables and unsaturated polyesters. Like TBBPA, this also is very lipophilic with low water solubility. HBCD is highly bio-accumulative as well as persistent, with a half-life of three days in air and 2–25 days in water (Lyman, Reehl, & Rosenblatt, 1990). In terms of health hazards, it can affect thyroid hormone levels and may cause learning and memory defects.