China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Biowastes for Metal-Ion Batteries
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Recently, it has been found that hard carbon stands out as a promising anode candidate for rechargeable batteries owing to its distinct structural features such as expanded interlayer spacing, short-range lamellar order, and plentiful micropores. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the development of electrode materials from low-cost natural waste biomass is considered an eco-friendly approach. In this view, Luna-Lama’s group [3] derived a non-porous carbon material from spent coffee ground (SCG) and used it as a highly sustainable anode for LIBs. The scheme of the synthesis of carbonized SCG (C-SCG) is shown in Figure 18.1. A specific reversible capacity of 285 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g is obtained over 100 cycles when C-SCG is employed as an anode material for LIBs, and the coulombic efficiency reaches ~100%. Inspired by the work of SCG, H. Darjazi’s group [4] was involved in the preparation of anodes for LIBs and SIBs from coffee grounds. This group synthesized a hard carbon anode material through chemical acid activation of coffee grounds followed by carbonization at 970°C under argon atmosphere over 6 h. This anode delivers a specific capacity of 339 and 113 mAh/g for LIBs and SIBs, respectively, at the rate of 0.2C with 70%–80% capacity retention after 100 cycles. This excellent electrochemical performance is ascribed to a certain degree of graphitization besides a disordered structure, which results in the high conductivity of hard carbon.
Chapter 2 Nanoporous Carbon for Capacitive Energy Storage
Published in Jian Liu, San Ping Jiang, Mesoporous Materials for Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion Technologies, 2017
Carbon materials for use in EC can come from a variety of sources. It can be obtained from natural graphite or from hydrocarbon derivative sources, such as coal pitch, petroleum coke and pitch coke. These sources are usually referred to as “soft-carbons” for their ability to graphitize when annealed at high temperatures. Carbon materials can also be synthesized through pyrolysis of biomass products, often leading to “hard-carbon”, labeled as such for its inability to graphitize thermally (Fig. 2.10). Lastly, specialty carbons such as graphene, CNTs, carbon onions, and nanodiamonds can also be synthesized through more involved—relative to the soft and hard carbons—synthesis methods.
Carbons as Supports for Catalysts
Published in Qingmin Ji, Harald Fuchs, Soft Matters for Catalysts, 2019
Shenmin Zhu, Chengling Zhu, Yao Li, Hui Pan
Hard carbon is a kind of carbon that is difficult to be graphitized (even above 3000°C) [163] and usually is fabricated from pyrolysis of polymers such as phenolic resins, epoxy resins and pitch. From the structural aspect, hard carbon is highly irregular and disordered, and primarily consists of single-layered carbon atoms that are closely and randomly connected [164].
Electric Vehicle Advancements, Barriers, and Potential: A Comprehensive Review
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Alperen Mustafa Çolak, Erdal Irmak
Sodium-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that has been gaining attention as a potential alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries used in EVs. These batteries use sodium ions as the charge carrier instead of lithium ions, which can help reduce costs and improve sustainability. Sodium-ion batteries are similar in structure to lithium-ion batteries, consisting of a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte. However, the materials used in each component differ. The cathode in sodium-ion batteries is typically made of a sodium-containing material such as sodium cobalt oxide or sodium nickel manganese oxide [143,144]. The anode is usually made of hard carbon, which has a similar structure to graphite but can hold more sodium ions. The electrolyte is a liquid or solid material that allows the sodium ions to move between the cathode and anode.
Effect of WC/C coated rolling element to improve bearing life
Published in Surface Engineering, 2023
Ayush Jain, Nitesh Vashishtha, Rajesh Kannan P
Tribological coatings are one of the best solutions to reduce friction and/or wear resistance, particularly in the case of roller bearings [1]. Tungsten carbide-reinforced amorphous hydrocarbon (WC/C or a-C: H: W) coatings are widely used in automotive and industrial applications as it has high hardness, high elastic modulus, low friction coefficient, wear resistance, and chemical inertness [2–5]. Quesnel et al. studied the low-temperature carbon coatings done by PVD (physical vapour deposition) which enhances the tribological properties of the system [6]. The chemical and mechanical properties of such hard carbon coatings and their process optimization play a major role in the development of such hard coatings [7,8]. These coatings have high demand in most automotive applications like gears and bearings where high fatigue life is required in harsh application conditions [9,10]. M. Kalin et al. studied the durability and mechanical strength of WC/C coatings and confirms that this coating is very effective in improving the tribological performance of mechanical systems [11,12]. The load-carrying capacity of such amorphous carbon coatings is generally defined by hardness and stiffness values which are governed by the coating process [13].
Fenton process effect on sludge disintegration
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2020
The FTIR spectrum was used to determine the frequency changes of the functional groups in the adsorbent. The spectra were measured in the interval of 400–4000 cm−1 (Figure 6). Figure 6 provides the sludge’s FTIR spectrum before and after disintegration. The bands at <900 cm−1 in nZVI can be associated with iron oxides. The peak area was reduced after disintegration in the 3000–3500 band. This indicates that the carboxyl group is slightly blocked. The 1410–1420 cm−1 band determined aliphatic -CH2 units. The peaks at 1621–1627 cm−1 determined aromatic C=O and C=C, indicating the presence of hard carbon components. The peaks at around 1020–1080 cm−1 correspond to aliphatic C-O-C and alcohol-OH, which represent oxygenated functional groups of cellulosic and ligneous components (Chen et al. 2008). The band at 590 cm−1 may correspond to SiO-H vibration.