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Classification of Heat Exchangers
Published in Sadık Kakaç, Hongtan Liu, Anchasa Pramuanjaroenkij, Heat Exchangers, 2020
Sadık Kakaç, Hongtan Liu, Anchasa Pramuanjaroenkij
A typical double-pipe heat exchanger consists of one pipe placed concentrically inside another pipe of larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct the flow from one section to the next, as shown in Figures 1.2 and 1.8. Double-pipe heat exchangers can be arranged in various series and parallel arrangements to meet pressure drop and mean temperature difference requirements. The major use of double-pipe exchangers is for sensible heating or cooling of process fluids where small heat transfer areas (to 50 m2) are required. This configuration is also very suitable when one or both fluids are at high pressure. The major disadvantage is that double-pipe heat exchangers are bulky and expensive per unit transfer surface. Double-pipe heat exchangers can also have multiple inner tubes (Figure 1.8). If the heat transfer coefficient is poor in the annulus, axially finned inner tube (or tubes) can be used. Double-pipe heat exchangers are built in modular concept, i.e., in the form of hairpins. Thus, such double-pipe heat exchangers are often called hairpin heat exchangers.
Energy Transport in Thermal Energy Systems
Published in Steven G. Penoncello, Thermal Energy Systems, 2018
It is possible to connect DPHXs together in what is known as a hairpin configuration. The hairpin configuration is useful when a long heat exchanger length is required, but the installation footprint is small. Figure 5.6 shows a schematic of a counter flow hairpin DPHX. Notice that if several hairpins are added, this design allows the engineer to fit a rather large heat exchanger into a small footprint.
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
The importance of FLG in preventing skin immune reactions was confirmed by several other in vivo studies. Kawasaki et al. (2012) showed that the skin of FLG-deficient mice exhibited higher antigen penetration, leading to enhanced responses in hapten-induced CHS and higher anti-ovalbumin IgG1 and immunoglobulin E (IgE) serum levels. Moniaga et al. (2010) also reported that FLG-deficient mice developed clinical and histological eczematous skin lesions similar to human AD displaying a defective skin barrier and generating proallergic mice responsive to 1-fluoro-2.4- dinitrobenzene (DNFB) sensitizer and phorbol myristate acetate skin irritant. FLG-deficient mice demonstrate a reduced barrier function with enhanced sensitization to DNFB and skin irritation to croton oil irritant exhibiting increased immune responses (Kawasaki et al. 2012). Dang et al. (2015) using cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed that FLG silencing by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) directly impaired skin barrier function and induced a Th2 immune response, which is recognized as an allergic type of immune response.
Prediction of RNA secondary structure based on stem region replacement using the RSRNA algorithm
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Chengzhen Xu, Longjian Gao, Jin Li, Longfeng Shen, Hong Liang, Kuan Luan, Xiaomin Wu
In i, j, and k denoted the base at the beginning of the stem, the base at the end of the stem, and the length of the stem in the sequence, respectively. The stem area was selected from the stem pool that satisfied the following conditions:Let be a predicted stem sequence in the RNA sequence, R, in which any two stems were compatible.Let R be a sequence of RNA with length n, and S be any secondary structure folded by R, where S would contain no more than stems. If there were more than (n-2)/7, then the stem base pairs with the least base pairing were disconnected, and the stem would not be formed.If S was a stem region of the RNA sequence R and its internal base pairing was m, then set while if then the base pairing in this region would not be matched. This parameter was satisfied when identifying stem area.If S was a secondary structure of RNA and the length of the single-stranded base in the hairpin ring was l, then This condition was judged after selecting the RNA secondary structure in the stem region.
Quantum technology a tool for sequencing of the ratio DSS/DNA modifications for the development of new DNA-binding proteins
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Adamu Yunusa Ugya, Kamel Meguellati
Although there is no literature yet showing the role of quantum sequencing in the discovery of new domains for DNA-binding proteins, The current study shows that the development of new quantum-based and far-from-equilibrium biological systems can be achieved by 3D-curved quantum materials. These features will be apply as near-red infrared activated materials, new quantum materials for quantum teleportation, entanglement, superposition, control at far-from-equilibrium of Shannon and Von-Neumann entropy, quantum biology. This technology will be useful in controlling new epigenetic and genetic regulations. This technology is also useful in the development of small molecules for tuning cancer signaling and the development of new vaccines, in multi-combinatorial therapies, rewiring the biochemical network, structure-based ligands targeting (DNA/RNA secondary structures: wobble RNA, G-quadruplexes, hairpin loops, i-motif, holliday junctions), small molecules targeting (cancer signaling), late stage modification of complex (natural products), free cell synthesis and directed evolution of enzymes. The technology is useful in protein engineering and 3D sequencing of the ratio DNA/RNA secondary structures (DSS)/base modifications (DM). It will be useful in the protein engineering of recombinant enzymes for the unnatural replication of proteins and glycans for new biochemical activities, treatment of HIV and cancers, new genome editing machinery, artificial replication and translation, first sequencing of DSS/Modifications/telomere with a correlation to cancer genesis, DSS studies: quadruplex, hairpin loop, triplexes and duplexes, i-motif, Holliday junction, based DNA modifications investigated: 6 mA, 6fmA, 5mC, 5fC, 5caC, 8-oxo-guanine, and The DSS/DM ratio is critical for proto-oncogene activation and cancer genesis.