China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Corrosion of reinforcement (A)
Published in Brian Cherry, Green Warren, Corrosion and Protection of Reinforced Concrete, 2021
Melchers and Li (2008) and Pape and Melchers (2013) have identified goethite (α-FeOOH), akagenite (β-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) as corrosion products within chloride contaminated reinforcing steel samples from concrete structures. ‘Green rusts’ can also occur. Melchers and Li (2008) and Pape and Melchers (2013) have identified compounds such as iron oxide chloride (FeOCl), hibbingite (α-Fe2(OH)3Cl), iron chloride hydrate (FeCl2.4H2O), ‘Green Rust I’ (carbonate variety) and ‘Green Rust II’ (sulphate variety) within the corrosion products (rusts) of samples taken from steel reinforced and prestressed concrete structures in chloride-rich environments.
The Problem
Published in Warren Green, Paul Chess, Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures, 2019
Broomfield (2007) also notes that ‘black rust’ or ‘green rust’ (due to the colour of the liquid when first exposed to air after breakout) corrosion can also be found under damaged waterproof membranes and in some underwater or water-saturated structures. He states that it is potentially dangerous as there is no indication of corrosion by cracking and spalling of the concrete and the reinforcing steel may be severely weakened before corrosion is detected. Reinforcement bars may be ‘hollowed out’ in such deoxygenated conditions.
SO4)
Published in Yong-Guan Zhu, Huaming Guo, Prosun Bhattacharya, Jochen Bundschuh, Arslan Ahmad, Ravi Naidu, Environmental Arsenic in a Changing World, 2019
J.P.H. Perez, H.M. Freeman, J.A. Schuessler, L.G. Benning
Herein, we report an in-depth investigation on the interfacial interactions between freshly precipitated green rust sulfate (GRSO4) and aqueous As species. We tested the influence of pH, adsorbent loading, ionic strength and presence of potentially interfering ions and evaluated the performance of GRSO4 for the removal of As(III) and As(V).
Disinfection by-products as environmental contaminants of emerging concern: a review on their occurrence, fate and removal in the urban water cycle
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Rong Xiao, Tian Ou, Shunke Ding, Chao Fang, Zuxin Xu, Wenhai Chu
The corrosion products of iron pipes mainly consist of ferrous and ferric iron minerals, such as goethite (α-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), siderite (FeCO3), and green rust (GR(CO32-), a mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxide mineral) (Lee et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2001). The composition of corrosion products would significantly affect DBP fate during water distribution, and the related mechanisms involve reductive dehalogenation and adsorption. Chun et al. (2005) investigated DBP removal in the presence of aqueous Fe(II), magnetite, and Fe(II) adsorbed onto goethite or magnetite. It was found that 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) was adsorbed to iron oxide surfaces, and the dehalogenation rates of studied DBPs decreased in the following order: TCNM > TCAN > 1,1,1-TCP ≈ TCAL ≫ TCAA ≈ TCM. The researchers further demonstrated that most DBPs were reduced more rapidly by green rust compared to magnetite or Fe(II) adsorbed to magnetite or goethite (Chun et al., 2007). In this study, TCNM was rapidly degraded to methylamine via sequential hydrogenolysis followed by nitroreduction, while TCAN, 1,1,1-TCP and TCAL underwent hydrogenolysis as well as hydrolysis. The rapid degradation of TCNM was also reported by another article, where dissolved oxygen, water extractable iron content and the surface area of corrosion solids were found to affect DBP reduction rate in realistic DWDSs (Lee et al., 2008).
Acid mine drainage treatment using zero-valent iron nanoparticles in biochemical passive reactors
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yaneth Vásquez, José A. Galvis, Jhon Pazos, Camila Vera, Oscar Herrera
The removal of sulfate from AMD corresponds to the formation of iron corrosion products. The greater surface area of nZVI facilitates rapid hydrolysis of water and formation of hydroxide ions. Sulfate may be removed from solution by precipitation of metal sulfur compounds. Previous studies have reported the presence metal sulfate/ hydroxide complexes as sulfate green rusts (Fe6(OH)12SO4 · H2O) when zero valent iron is added in granular size to the AMD [34]. Besides the formation of sulfate green rust is considered as a primary corrosion product and control on the concentrations of iron and sulfate in AMD [35]. The presence of sulfate may destroy the protective layer of iron oxide in nZVI and thus help to accelerate the iron corrosion, this was evidenced by Yu et al. (2013). Moreover, sulfate have stronger affinity on iron oxide surfaces and promote more proton adsorption compared to other anions (NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-; [36]). This could be one possible explanation for the abiotic sulfate reduction observed in this study.
Modeling and experimental calibration of the corrosion of RHA steel in immersion and salt-fog environments
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2019
Lydia A. Jordan, M.A. Tschopp, Todd E. Mlsna, David Wipf, M.F. Horstemeyer
Chloride and other aggressive ions are known to promote corrosion in iron and iron alloys [4–6]. Chloride causes localised attack with dissolution of the protective oxide film and subsequent pit formation [5,7,8]. The corrosion of weathering steel and other carbon steels in a cyclic wet/dry environment was studied to complement previous work on long-term corrosion [6]. The amount of corrosion in carbon steel increased with increasing chloride concentration [6]. The formation of Green Rust (GR), a transient intermediate compound between iron metal and the final corrosion product, has been studied [9]. GR formation also accelerates in the presence of chloride ions [6]. Increased temperatures also accelerated corrosion up to approximately 70°C, which can be of particular concern for sea bearing vessels operating in warmer waters [5]. The corrosion of iron alloys in immersion environments is one of the most important considerations with respect to corrosion prevention.