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Path Model
Published in Jhareswar Maiti, Multivariate Statistical Modeling in Engineering and Management, 2023
Foundries are generally used for metal castings. Various processes, such as molding, core making, melting, pouring, solidification, cooling, and removal of mold, are involved during metal casting in foundries. Grey iron castings are the most commonly used ones because of their inherent properties. The melting process in a grey iron foundry is one of the most important foundry processes and has multiple inputs along with multiple process variables and quality variables which make it a multivariate process. Understanding the relationships (causal and correlation) between these multiple variables may be helpful in improving the stability of the melting process and the quality of the final product. This study demonstrates the use of the path model to model the relationship between several variables of a melting process in a grey iron foundry of an automobile ancillary unit in western India.
Condition Assessment in Water Lines
Published in Justin Starr, Water and Wastewater Pipeline Assessment Technologies, 2021
In the United States, cast iron began to replace wooden pipes in water supply systems in the 1800s. Cast iron is named because it is cast in a mold. Early techniques cast sections of pipe in a vertical pit. While effective, depending on the length of the cast and environmental conditions, variations in material property could occur along the length of the section. The development of spin casting, where the mold is rotated while the molten iron is poured, did much to improve uniformity in pipe sections. Cast iron formed from these processes is sometimes termed “gray iron” due to the flakes of graphite embedded within the microstructure of the material (cast iron has a carbon content of 2.5–4%). These flakes offer no resistance to stress – a double-edged sword, as this property allows cast iron pipe to be easily machined, but also facilitates rapid brittle failure.
Cast iron
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Carbon may be present in the structure either as flakes of graphite or as a network of hard, brittle iron carbide (or cementite). If a cast iron contains much of this brittle cementite, its mechanical properties will be poor, and for most engineering purposes it is desirable for the carbon to be present as small flakes of graphite. Cementite is a silvery-white compound and, if an iron containing much cementite is broken, the fractured surface will be silvery-white, because the piece of iron breaks along the brittle cementite networks. Such an iron is termed a white iron. Conversely, if an iron contains much graphite, its fractured surface will be grey, due to the presence of graphite flakes in the structure and this iron would be described as a grey iron. Under the microscope, these graphite flakes appear as two-dimensional strands but what we see is a cross-section through a microconstituent shaped something like a breakfast-cereal ‘cornflake’ (Figure 15.1).
Seismic Damage Reduction of a Structural System based on Nontraditional Sliding Interfaces with Graphite Lubrication
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2018
Steel and iron differ in the amount of graphite constituents [Domone et al., 2010]. Steel is a ferroalloy containing up to 1.8% of graphite. Low graphite steel, commonly used in structures, has less than 0.30% of graphite and tensile strength of about 400 N/mm2. Iron is a ferroalloy containing 1.8–4.0% of graphite. Gray iron, known as the most basic iron, has 150–350 N/mm2. Ductile iron, developed for the improvement of low ductility in the gray iron, has tensile strengths of 400–700 N/mm2. In the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), these materials are categorized based on the tensile strengths.