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Graphene Synthesis, Characterization and Applications
Published in Amir Al-Ahmed, Inamuddin, Graphene from Natural Sources, 2023
Hamidreza Bagheri, Marzieh Fatehi, Ali Mohebbi
Carbon derives its name of the word carbo, and its meaning is charcoal (Bonaccorso et al., 2012). Carbon is significant element due to its significant electronic structure that allows for hybridization to shape up sp, sp2 and sp3 networks and, therefore, to form stable allotropes compared to other elements (Huang et al., 2011). Graphite is the most popular carbon allotropic, and it is a natural mineral. Carbon element was found out in the all known life forms (Wanno and Tabtimsai, 2014). Carbon individuality is established in several allotropes in that it happens. This element shows smoothness such as graphite in pencil, to hardest known element in diamond (Trivedi et al., 2019). The other allotropes of carbon are nanotubes, fullerenes, glassy carbon and amorphous carbon (Figure 10.1). The main parameters of carbon-based materials of various dimensionalities are given in Table 10.1. Forth suggested naming conventions are also given in Table 10.2. Indeed, the phrase graphene must be used for isolated monolayer hexagonally form that organized bonded of carbon in configuration of sp2 (Feriancikova and Xu, 2012). The term graphite oxide is the material in solid state, provided with oxidation of graphite to functionalize fundamental planes and enhance inter-layer spacing. The term graphene oxide is graphite oxide exfoliated form and it is usually provided with dispersing this very solvable material in an aqueous solvent. To end, reduced graphene oxide consequences from reduction of graphene oxide (GO) (Lee et al., 2008).
Antimicrobial properties of Modified Graphene and other advanced 2D Material Coated Surfaces
Published in Craig E. Banks, Dale A. C. Brownson, 2D MATERIALS, 2018
Anthony J. Slate, Nathalie Karaky, Kathryn A. Whitehead
Reduced graphite oxide is often used as a starting product in the production of graphene. Graphite oxide is reduced by a two-step system, with the first step being the removal of oxygen groups via the use of sodium tetrahydridoborate followed by the second step which uses concentrated sulphuric acid to dehydrate and therefore restore the chemical structure.57 Due to its reported unique electrochemical properties (as demonstrated by all graphene-based materials), an increasing amount of research has been recently targeted towards understanding this material, especially with the application of reduced graphite oxide for use in supercapacitors and batteries.58, 59 Research into reduced graphite oxide as a standalone antimicrobial material is relatively novel, and as of yet has not yet been fully elucidated.
Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Abid Hussain, Yuhua Weng, Yuanyu Huang
The Brodie method can be considered as the earliest and breakthrough in the importance of graphene oxide. Although he termed the product as graphic acid, which was later known to be graphite oxide and graphite oxide is the precursor of graphene oxide. Brodie reported the first change of graphite while blending with strong oxidants. Due to scientific advancements, the chemistry of graphite oxide was studied extensively that it is still believed that graphite oxide is capable to transform into graphene oxide and graphite. Mostly, graphite is the key starting material which is extensively used in experimental research among scientist for industrial production of graphene which leads to various applications (Brodie 1859).
Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of MnV13/GO/PANI composite catalysts
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Graphene oxide (GO) is a single atomic layer that can be extended to tens of microns in lateral dimensions [6]. GO can be considered as a nontraditional type of soft material with properties of polymers, colloids, films, and amphiphiles. The properties of GO, such as readily dispersible in water at the molecular level, biocompatibility, and tunable band gap, motivated us to explore its potential as a photocatalytic material. Graphene oxide is generally obtained by oxidation of graphite by strong acid. There are three main methods for preparing GO: Brodie method, Staudenmaier method, and Hummers method [7]. Preparation by the Hummers method is expedient and safe, and is the most commonly used procedure. GO has a high specific surface area and is a promising carrier with good adsorption to organic matter. Loading the heteropoly complex onto the graphene oxide not only improves the specific surface area and photocatalytic activity of the catalyst, but also facilitates recovery [8, 9].
Functional biomimetic nanoparticles for drug delivery and theranostic applications in cancer treatment
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018
Lei Li, Junqing Wang, Hangru Kong, Yun Zeng, Gang Liu
Graphene oxide is a novel multifunctional hybrid material with useful properties, such as biocompatibility and potential application for controlled-drug release. Hybrids based on grapheme oxide and magnetic nanomaterials have been applied in controlled-anticancer drug delivery. Li et al. have reported the nanosized Fe3O4@graphene yolk–shell nanoparticles [101], which were used for the delivery of anticancer drug of DOX. The hybrid nanoparticles exhibited perfect dispersibility in aqueous solutions, good superparamagnetism (the magnetic saturation value is 45.74 emu g−1), and high loading capacity for DOX (88.3%), as well as the property of strong pH-triggered drug release response (at the pH value of 5.6 and 7.4, the release rate was 24.86% and 10.28%, respectively) and good biocompatibility (the cell viability was 98.52% even at a high concentration of 100 mg mL−1), indicating their potential application in cancer therapy.
Simple assembly of graphene oxide functionalized with tannic acid on membranes to enhance dye removal
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Eduarda Freitas Diogo Januário, Rebecca Manesco Paixão, Natália de Camargo Lima Beluci, Rosangela Bergamasco, Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo Vieira
Graphene oxide was prepared using graphite powder (<20 μm), potassium peroxydisulfate (K2S2O8, ≥99.5%), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5, ≥99.5%), potassium permanganate (KMnO4, ≥99.0%,), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, ≥98%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30 wt% in H2O). A commercial GO solution (2 mg mL−1) was used to build a standard curve. Tannic acid (C76H52O46) and trizma buffer (NH2C(CH2OH)3) were used to functionalize the GO. All the reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (San Luis, MO, USA).