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A history of manufactured gas and natural gas
Published in Anthony N. Penna, A History of Energy Flows, 2019
Individual acts of Parliament gave companies proprietary rights to build gasworks on specific lands, to dig up streets and to lay pipelines. In return, companies pledged to guarantee high-quality gas to customers at fixed prices and to pay a dividend to its stockholders. Future Gasworks Clauses Acts updated these conditions and included new provisions for official testing for quality, purity and pressure. By 1882, the industry maintained its 70-year monopoly over gas lighting with an annual output of 65 billion cubic feet. Despite the monopoly, thousands of independent gas producers located in many villages and towns not linked into the main gas system locations delivered manufactured gas to customers. Think of solar units. Some are linked to the grid while others exist independently. By the middle of the twentieth century, British gasworks consumed about 22 million tons of coal each year.8
Maximizing Production Effectiveness
Published in Tokutarō Suzuki, TPM in Process Industries, 2017
At a certain gasworks that produces foundry coke from coal, a lot of coal was falling off the conveyors that carried it from the coal yard to the coke ovens. The improvement team drew a map that showed where the coal was falling off and made detailed measurements of the amount of coal falling off and from which parts of what equipment. The improvement team then inaugurated a Zero Coal Spill campaign in an effort to eliminate the problem. As a result, the company was able to decrease the amount of coal spilled by a factor of 7, from 35 t/month to 5 t/month.
Source identification of PAHs in soils based on stable carbon isotopic signatures
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Peng Gao, Hongbo Li, Chris P. Wilson, Timothy G. Townsend, Ping Xiang, Yungen Liu, Lena Q. Ma
Similar to the δ13C values of PAHs, the reference values for δ2H of PAHs have been investigated (Bosch et al., 2015; Jędrysek & Skrzypek, 2005; Mastalerz & Schimmelmann, 2002; Redding et al., 1980; Skrzypek et al., 2008; Sun et al., 2003; Vitzthum et al., 2012; Zheng et al., 2011). The δ2H values of PAHs from gasworks coal tar combustion, high-T coal combustion, jet fuel combustion, and gasoline combustion are −32.2 to −49.3‰, −65.3 to −81.1‰, −60.2 to −74.3‰, and −47.0 to −61.5‰, respectively (Sun et al., 2003). Based on the results, δ2H values of PAHs have opposite trend compared with δ13C values of PAHs: δ13C values of PAHs tend to decrease with increasing temperature, while δ2H values of PAHs tend to increase. The mean δ2H values of PAHs are −62‰ (liquid fossil fuel combustion), −73‰ (high-T coal pyrolysis), −94‰ (C3 plant combustion), −129‰ (coal combustion), and −159‰ (peat combustion) based on Bosch et al. (2015). In addition, 2H enrichment and 13C depletion occur simultaneously during fossil fuel combustion, resulting from dehydration during PAHs formation (Sun et al., 2003). Since C–H bonds are weaker than C–2H bonds, C–H bonds form at a faster rate compared to C–2H bonds (Sun et al., 2003). Similar to Δ14C values of PAHs, limited research is available regarding δ2H values of PAHs, resulting in a scant database.
Bonnington chemical works (1822–1878): pioneer coal tar company
Published in The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2020
Fuel was sourced from Lord Elgin’s collieries at Charlestown, which were 25 km from Leith across the Firth of Forth.37 Coal tar and ammoniacal liquor was provided by three gasworks to a total cost of £358. The highest outlay was with the Leith Gas Light Company, which had converted their plant from whale oil to coal in 1827. Lower charges at Edinburgh probably reflected their longer-term relationship, while the smallest expenditure was with the Dundee Gas Light Company. The latter’s waste needed to be brought a significant distance by sea to the Leith port and hints at the efforts Anderson had made to run the facility at scale.
Melbourne’s cable trams - A major nineteenth century engineering achievement
Published in The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2019
The boilers to supply steam to the engines, also duplicated, were locally made multi-tubular marine type with a working gauge pressure of 100 psi (670 kPa) excepting for the Richmond and Fitzroy engine houses that had Babcock & Wilcox pattern water tube boilers. The boilers were manually fired with coal or gasworks coke and all of the original boilers reportedly lasted until closure of the respective engine houses.63Figure 6 shows the interior of the boiler room at the Toorak engine house c1916.