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Application to Batteries and Fuel Cells
Published in Allen J. Bard, Michael V. Mirkin, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 2022
Zachary T. Gossage, Kendrich O. Hatfield, Yuanya Zhao, Raghuram Gaddam, Dipobrato Sarbapalli, Abhiroop Mishra, Joaquín Rodríguez-López
Both metal-air batteries and fuel cells are under rapid development with exciting prospects for future devices. However, in both cases, O2 needs to be delivered to the cathode, and the solubility of O2 in liquid electrolytes is low.194 To overcome this, an electrode which provides an interface for the oxygen to dissolve into the electrolyte is used. This kind of an electrode is known as a gas diffusion electrode (GDE)195 or a triple-phase zone (gas-solid-liquid interphase).196 Since ORR tends to involve slow, inner-sphere mechanisms,197 researchers incorporate catalytic materials onto these electrodes to enhance their reaction rates. As seen in Table 16.5, SECM finds applications for these systems where the electro-activity, distribution, and overpotential for ORR needed by the catalysts are investigated using the SG-TC and RC modes of SECM.198 Apart from this, SG-TC mode SECM is also used to probe the GDEs to study the permeation of O2 in lithium-air and zinc-air batteries.28,199
Performance of passive direct formate fuel cells using chitosan as an anode binder
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
The anode catalyst ink containing Nafion ionomer or chitosan was pipetted on the carbon cloth (ELAT – hydrophilic Plain Cloth), followed by drying the catalyst-ink-coated carbon cloth in a vacuum oven (JOV-30) maintained at 60°C for 2 hr to ensure a completely dry catalyst-coated carbon cloth. The palladium loading in the anode gas diffusion electrode was 2 mg/cm2. Four different binder contents of 1.87, 1.17, 0.74, and 0.35 mg/cm2, or 22, 15, 10, and 5 wt% expressed as the ratio of the binder weight to the bulk catalyst layer weight, in the anode were tested. A commercially available gas diffusion electrode prepared using commercially available carbon-supported platinum catalyst (70 wt%, Alfa Aesar HiSPECTM13100) was employed as the cathode gas diffusion electrode. The loading of platinum as a catalyst on the cathode gas diffusion electrode was 2 mg/cm2.
Ultrasound assisted impregnation of platinum on carbon for ORR activity in PEM fuel cell
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Rajesh Kumar Polagani, Mallappa Annarao Devani, Gara Uday Bhaskar Babu, Mahendra Chinthala, Kotaiah Naik Dhanavath, Shirish H. Sonawane
The as-synthesised Pt/C (U + R) electrocatalyst ink was coated layer by layer on carbon paper (5.5 cm × 5.5 cm) to develop a gas diffusion electrode (GDE), employed as the cathode in the fuel cell. Similarly, the commercially obtained Pt/C (C) electrocatalyst ink was coated on another carbon paper and used as anode in the fuel cell. The electrocatalyst loadings on the anode and cathode sides were estimated as 0.25 and 0.5 mg/cm2, respectively. The catalyst loadings were evaluated based on the weight difference between earlier and later coatings of electrocatalyst ink on carbon paper. The electrodes were kept in the furnace overnight at 80°C temperature. Both the anode and cathode were brought together equivalently on two sides of the Nafion membrane (N117) and hot-pressed at 100°C and 120 kg/cm2 for 3 min to obtain the desired MEA. The active area of the MEA was estimated to be 25 cm2. The PEM fuel cell enclosed with the as- fabricated MEA that contained electrocatalyst coated cathode (Pt/C (U + R)) and anode (Pt/C (C)). Another MEA was fabricated with coating of commercial electrocatalyst (Pt/C (C)) ink on carbon paper for both cathode and anode using the same loadings and same procedure for comparison purpose.
Performance enhancement of interdigitated flow channel of PEMFC by scaling up study
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Lakshminarayanan V., Karthikeyan P.
Bio-Logic FCT-50S (a computer-interfaced (V.5.22 software package) fuel cell test equipment) and a commercially available gas diffusion electrode (GDE) sheet (Paxi-Tech from France) were used for the experimental analysis. This GDE has carbon paper as its GDL or Diffusion medium and 40% Pt/C as catalyst with a loading of 0.5 mg/cm2. The membrane (Nafion 115) is sandwiched with GDE on both sides in the preparation of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Highly purified hydrogen (99.99%) and pure oxygen were used as fuel and oxidant, respectively. Gold-coated copper plates have been used for a current collector in the anode and cathode side. The detailed experimental procedure has been carried out to investigate the scaling up studies from 25 cm2 to 36 cm2 of interdigitated flow field with R:C of 1:2 to enhance the performance of PEMFC.The two graphite (anode and cathode) plates of grade NCK 194 (80 mm X 80 mm X10 mm) were machined using CNC milling, to have interdigitated flow field with rib-to-channel width ratio of 1:2, as shown in Figure 4.