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Materials Used for General Radiation Detection
Published in Alan Owens, Semiconductor Radiation Detectors, 2019
Gallium selenide (GaSe) is a wide bandgap semiconductor (εg = 2 eV) with a density of 4.6 gcm–3. Historically, GaSe was of interest because of its photoconducting and luminescence properties. However, recent research has focused on the generation and detection of broadband tuneable terahertz (THz) radiation [137] by exploiting the highly anisotropic properties of its layered structure. GaSe was first investigated as a nuclear detector material in the early 1970s by Manfredotti et al. [138], who fabricated simple planar detectors by evaporating Au electrodes onto single crystals grown by the Bridgman method. A number of detectors were produced with thicknesses ranging from (50–150) µm and surface areas from (20–50) mm2. The samples were generally n-type room-temperature resistivities in the range (108 to 109) Ω-cm. The detectors were found to be sensitive to α-particles, with measured spectroscopic energy resolutions as low as 6.8% FWHM at 5.5 MeV. Sakai et al. [139] and later Nakatani et al. [140] reported on measurements taken from thin (~100 µm) detectors fabricated from platelets cleaved from ingots grown by the HPB method. Alpha particle resolutions of about 5% FWHM at 5.5 MeV were obtained. Yamazaki et al. [141] explored the properties of GaSe radiation detectors doped with Si, Ge and Sn. They found that doping substantially decreased leakage currents and they were able to realize FWHM energy resolutions as low as 4% for 241Am 5.5 MeV alpha particles. In contrast, most undoped detectors did not function because of excessive leakage currents.
A Review of the Theoretical Results Associated with the Intermediate Bandgap Solar Cell Materials
Published in Amit Soni, Dharmendra Tripathi, Jagrati Sahariya, Kamal Nayan Sharma, Energy Conversion and Green Energy Storage, 2023
Aditi Gaur, Karina Khan, Amit Soni, Jagrati Sahariya, Alpa Dashora
Copper indium selenide thin film and copper gallium selenide thin film with doping of sodium form copper indium selenide and copper indium gallium diselenide thin-film photovoltaic cells [5,7]. These are direct bandgap photovoltaic cells, which are comparatively low-cost photovoltaic cells, and environment friendly as cadmium-based cells are not eco-friendly. These cells exhibit good efficiency (21.6%) and can work if the temperature increases [5].
Physical Properties of Crystalline Infrared Optical Materials
Published in Paul Klocek, Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials, 2017
James Steve Browder, Stanley S. Ballard, Paul Klocek
Notes: Single crystals of gallium selenide can be grown by the Bridgeman-Stockborger method. The material crystallizes in a hexagonally layered structure forming a uniaxial crystal with the optical axis perpendicular to the layers. The nonlinear nature of this material has been used to generate coherent tunable infrared radiation.
Design and route optimisation for an airship with onboard solar energy harvesting
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Christoph Pflaum, Tim Riffelmacher, Agnes Jocher
There are several kinds of thin film solar cells which are suitable for airship applications. Confirmed efficiency records of such types of solar cells are 11.7% for organic solar cells on a submodule (see Distler, Brabec, and Egelhaaf 2020), 22.6% for Perovskite on a cell (see Peng et al. 2021), and 10.2% for amorphous Silicon on a cell (see Matsui et al. 2015). These types of solar cells are potential candidates for future airship application, since they can be produced on lightweight and flexible substrates. The weight of these solar cells is about 100 g/mm2 (see Zeppelin 1908). In this work, data of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells are selected, since they are commercially available and have optimal properties for a potential use on airships. In particular, they are flexible, lightweight, and highly efficient. For larger airships, a high efficiency of the solar cells is an important requirement, due to the relatively small ratio of the surface’s area to the airship’s volume comparing to the one of smaller airships. Whereas for smaller airships, a low weight of the solar cells is the most important requirement.
Selective delamination by milling as a first step in the recycling of photovoltaic modules
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Tudor Dobra, Florian Thajer, Gerhard Wiesinger, Daniel Vollprecht, Roland Pomberger
Photovoltaics (PV) is widely considered a cornerstone technology for the transition towards a renewables-based and decarbonized energy supply. Installed PV capacity has reached over 750 GW globally in 2020 [1] and is expected to continue its growth in the future [2]. Due to more and more PV plants reaching the end of their expected lifetime, the topic of adequate End-of-Life (EOL) management of PV modules has garnered increased interest over the last years in the PV industry, the field of waste management as well as the research sector. Currently, waste amounts are still rather low. However, a significant increase is expected in the future [2]. Suitable EOL solutions need to be developed now in order to guarantee proper treatment once substantial waste quantities arise. While several different module technologies are in use, crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules currently dominate the market. An increase in market share for other technologies (e.g. copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), organic PV) is expected. However, considering the usual time between module installation and its emergence as waste (25 years and more), c-Si modules will remain the predominant waste stream for the foreseeable future [2] and are therefore the focus of this work.
EUROCORR 2020: ‘Closing the gap between industry and academia in corrosion science and prediction’
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2021
D. J. Mills, D. Nuttall, L. Atkin
Klaas Bakker from TNO – Solliance, Netherlands, presented a paper entitled ‘Propagation mechanism of worm like defects in CIGS solar cells’. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) solar cells is one of three mainstream thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technologies, the other two being cadmium telluride and amorphous silicon. In operation, solar cells can become partially shaded, reversing the polarity and inducing defects, known as hotspots, in the CIGS layer. These hotspots migrate through the cells in patterns rather like filiform corrosion, creating worm-like defects. The study recreated these defects in lab conditions and found that changing conductivity of the Al/ZnO layer on top of the cell influenced propagation of the defects, thus enabling a better understanding of how to decrease their occurrence by design.