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Microbial Valorization of Food Industry Wastes for Production of Nutraceutical Molecules
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
K. Ranjitha, Vijay Rakesh Reddy, Harinder Singh Oberoi
γ-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-6; GLA) is a PUFA synthesized from the linoleic acid by the activity of the key enzyme ∆6-desaturase. Diseases such as atopic dermatitis, diabetes, arthritis, etc. diminish this conversion process, and dietary supplementation is essential for these patients. The main commercial source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly ω-3) is from various types of fish. Oleaginous microbes are also reliable sources of PUFAs. The production of γ-linolenic acid from food industry wastes with fermentation processes is given in Table 6.5. Among the oleaginous fungi, the Zygomycetes fungi have a remarkable ability to produce GLA from agrifood wastes. Genera such as Cunninghamella, Mortierella, Mucor, Rhizopus, and Thamnidium can form GLA during their growth on diverse food industry waste substrates such as cereal bran, soybean meal, spent malt grain, fruit peels, and pomaces. The GLA yield depends greatly on substrate-strain interaction in the fermentation process. In a study, Mortierella isabellina grown on various wastes produced 18 to 2.9 g of GLA/kg dry fermented mass. Rice bran is a suitable substrate for GLA production using Mucor rouxii, with a yield level of 6 g/kg of fermented mass. Thamnidium elegans is also capable of utilizing a variety of cereals to yield up to 5 g GLA/kg of fermented mass (Čertík et al., 2012).
Nanotubes TiO2 supported Pt catalyst for selective electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Guoxu Qin, Xinyun Wang, Xinjun Wan, Dong Chen, Bo Qiu
Biodiesel as well-established renewable fuels has been tremendously developed due to the growing environmental concern about the use of fossil fuels (Liu et al. 2014; Villa et al. 2015). Glycerol (GLY), which is an easily available biomass as a by-product in the production of biodiesel, has oversupplied (Kim et al. 2017a). In this case, the demand for transformation of glycerol tovaluableadded chemicals has attracted increasing attention in recent years (Kim et al. 2017b; Li and Zaera 2015; Dodekatos, Schünemann, and Tüysüz 2018a). Various catalytic conversion pathways have been widely investigated to produce a number of products, such as glyceraldehyde (GLAD), dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid (GLA), hydroxypyruvic acid, tartronic acid (TA), glycolic acid (GA), and oxalic acid (OA) (Lei et al. 2014). In particular, among these oxidation produces, GLA is an important substance that can be used in biochemical research, such as muscle physiology, pharmaceutical, organic synthesis, and so on (Wang et al. 2018). However, the present methods of mainly manufactured GLA are far from satisfactory to meet the market demand, and the price of GLA is expensive (Xiang and Davis 2010). Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a cheap and efficient method for selective oxidation of GLY to GLA. In these processes, the activity and selectivity of catalyst are highly dependent on the metal species, dispersion degree, particle size, pH of the reaction solution, and nature of the support material (Kim et al. 2014; Dodekatos et al. 2018a, 2018b).