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Aptamer Based Sensing Approaches Towards Food and Biomedical Applications
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Atul Sharma, Rupesh K. Mishra, Jean Louis Marty
Saxitoxin (STX) is a type of marine biological toxin that is found in large amounts in seafood. An electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor for STX detection was developed using aptamer-modified two-dimensional layered Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. MXene’s high surface area and abundance of functional groups aided in creating an aptamer that had specialized interactions with STX. The aptasensor was able to detect STX with high sensitivity and specificity, according to the results of capacitance-voltage (C-V) and constant-capacitance (ConCap) measurements. The detection range was from 1.0 nM to 200 nM, with a detection limit of 0.03 nM (118). Fumonisins B1 is the most common member of a toxin family produced primarily in maize, wheat, and other cereals by numerous species of Fusarium molds. To determine fumonisins B1 and B2, Shi et al. (119) designed an aptasensor with dual amplification of Au nanoparticles and graphene/thionine nanocomposites (FB1). Graphene/thionine nanocomposites were released from the electrode surface after a specific combination of the aptamer and its target (FB1) in solution, resulting in a diminished electrochemical signal using the CV technique.
Mycotoxins
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Fumonisins are produced by Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum, and a number of less common fusaria. Fumonisins are a very common contaminant of maize-based food and feed in the United States, China, Europe, southern Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia.[27,28]F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum can be recovered from virtually all maize kernels including those that are healthy, which suggests that it may be an endophyte, i.e., a mutualistic relationship.[5,28,29]F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum cause a “disease” called Fusarium kernel rot. In parts of the United States and lowland tropics, this is one of the most important ear diseases and is associated with warm, dry years and insect damage. Maize plant disease stress also promotes the growth of F. verticillioides and fumonisin formation.[28]
Biological hazards
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Margaret Davidson, Ryan Kift, Sue Reed
Mycotoxins produced by fungi can be toxic to animals and humans. The following are some of the main mycotoxins of occupational health significance: Aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus species, are a hepatotoxic carcinogen.Fumonisins, from Fusarium species, are carcinogenic and neurotoxic.Ochratoxins, from Aspergillus species, cause renal disease.Trichothecenes from multiple fungi genera, including Fusarium, Myrothecium, Phomopsis, Stachybotrys and Trichodermachartarum, are immunotoxins and cause gastroenteritis.Citrinin, from Penicillium and Aspergillus species, are nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and cytotoxic.Patulin, from Penicillium species, are allergenic (Bennett and Klich, 2003; Samson, 2015). β–1,3-D-glucans are a cell-wall component of fungi, plants and some bacteria, but there is conflicting information about their associated health effects (Donham and Thelin, 2016; Viegas et al., 2017). Research has indicated that β–1,3-D-glucans may trigger an immune response such as asthma or high blood pressure (Oluwole et al., 2018; Viegas et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2015). Further research is required to determine the specific health effects associated with β–1,3-D-glucans exposure.
Ozone as a Fungicidal and Detoxifying Agent to Maize Contaminated with Fumonisins
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Daniel Francis Ribeiro, Lêda Rita D’ Antonino Faroni, Marco Aurélio Guerra Pimentel, Lucas Henrique Figueiredo Prates, Fernanda Fernandes Heleno, Ernandes Rodrigues De Alencar
Fumonisins are polar secondary metabolites that have 20 carbon atoms containing methyl and amino groups and in which the hydroxyl groups on C14 and C15 are esterified with tricarboxylic acid (Abrunhosa et al. 2016). Fumonisins from the A, B, C, and P series can be found, but those from the B series (FBs) are the most important regarding safety for consumption and are frequently found in maize (Abrunhosa et al. 2016; Rheeder, Marasas, and Vismer 2002; Seo and Lee 1999). In the group of fumonisins of the series B, fumonisin B1 (FB1) shows greater occurrence, but fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) are also found. Among others, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum are fungi species that synthesize fumonisins of series B (Marin et al. 1995; Pitt and Hocking 2009).
Molecular toxicology and carcinogenesis of fumonisins: a review
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2020
Ruth Nabwire Wangia-Dixon, Kizito Nishimwe
Fumonisins are naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme also referred to as Fusarium verticilliodes and other related Fusarium species.1,2 They were identified and characterized in the late 1980s and early 1990s shortly after their discovery in 1988 by researchers at Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis, PROMEC, in Tygerberg, South Africa.2,3 The toxicology of fumonisins gained traction during the 1989 corn harvest periods in the United States. During this time, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories received numerous reports of outbreaks of neurological disorders and pulmonary edema among horses and pigs respectively in several farms across the country from Arizona to Maryland.4,5 Furthermore, fumonisins were isolated from a second fungal species, Fusarium proliferatum from animal feeds collected in the United States.4,5 In similar studies with different Fusarium cultures, it was established that fumonisin production was restricted to isolates of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum in the section of Liseola.5–7 Nelson et al confirmed strains of Fusarium moniliforme in corn samples, other cereals and miscellaneous substrates and their ability to produce fumonisin B1.6,7 Moreover, additional fumonisin producing Fusarium species namely Fusarium nygamai and Fusarium napiform were identified and confirmed to be common contaminants of millet and sorghum food grains.7,8 Even though different analogs of fumonisins occur in mixtures, fumonisin B1 is the most predominant isomer accounting for 70 to 95% of total fumonisins in feeds and food products.5,6,8 Different forms of fumonisins are discussed in the next section, however, given the greater proportion of fumonisin B1 in nature, toxicity of fumonisins is centered around fumonisin B1.