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Introduction
Published in Sotirios Karellas, Tryfon C. Roumpedakis, Nikolaos Tzouganatos, Konstantinos Braimakis, Solar Cooling Technologies, 2018
Sotirios Karellas, Tryfon C. Roumpedakis, Nikolaos Tzouganatos, Konstantinos Braimakis
For this reason, the EU F-gas Regulation was introduced in Europe to reduce the use of fluorinated gases (e.g. HFCs) over time. The F-gas Regulation was first introduced in 2006 and prohibitions came into force gradually from 2007 to 2009. As it was adopted in 2015, the F-gas Regulation prohibited certain types of equipment. More specifically, domestic freezers using HFCs with a GWP greater than 150 were banned after January 1, 2015. A more gradual ban on commercial refrigerators and freezers utilizing harmful HFCs has been set in place. Freezers using HFCs with a GWP of 2,500 or greater will be banned after January 1, 2020, and those with a GWP of 150 or greater will be banned after January 1, 2022 (European Parliament 2013). Furthermore, under the F-Gas Regulation, certain bans were introduced for specific equipment utilizing fluorinated gases (e.g. fire protection equipment containing PFCs was banned as of July 4, 2007). Figure 1.3 presents the use of the different types of refrigerants per family within the EU from 1990 to, based on projections, 2030. As the figure shows, the use of CFCs and HCFCs has been mainly replaced by HFCs, according to aforementioned regulations.
Comparison of Environmentally Friendly Working Fluids for Organic Rankine Cycles
Published in Alina Adriana Minea, Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids, 2017
Konstantinos Braimakis, Tryfon C. Roumpedakis, Aris-Dimitrios Leontaritis, Sotirios Karellas
The F-gases regulations of the European Union have introduced specific measures in order to reduce the use of fluorinated gases (such as HFCs) by two-thirds compared with 2014 levels. The first F-gas regulation was adopted in 2006 and, among a number of different measures, prohibited “the placing on the market of products and equipment containing, or whose functioning relies upon” a number of fluorinated GHGs including HFCs and PFCs. The addressed fluids are presented in Table 13.13. The “products and equipment” includes nonrefillable containers (for all fluids of Table 13.13), nonconfined direct-evaporation systems containing refrigerants (HFCs and PFCs), fire protection systems and fire extinguishers (PFCs), and other products not directly related to refrigeration systems, such as windows for domestic use, footwear, tyres, one-component foams (all fluids of Table 13.13), and novelty aerosols (HFCs). The prohibitions came into force gradually from 2007 to 2009.
Kiln-Wide Lumber Drying
Published in Vasile Minea, Industrial Heat Pump-Assisted Wood Drying, 2018
It can be seen that carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major greenhouse gas contributor with 76%, mainly from burning fossil fuels, but, also, from direct human-induced impacts on forestry and other land use, such as deforestation, land clearing for agriculture, and degradation of soils. Methane (CH4) emissions (16%) come from agricultural activities, waste management, and energy use, and nitrous oxide (N2O) (6%) from agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use and fossil fuel combustion. Finally, fluorinated gases (F-gases) are emitted by various industrial processes, refrigeration and heat pumps, and the use of a variety of products such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Investigations on Biogas Fueled Dual Fuel DIesel Engine Employing Dimethyl Carbonate as a Fuel Blend
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Nihal Mishra, Abhishek Thapliyal, Shubham Mitra, Feroskhan M, Shyam Kumar M B
Today, emissions of Greenhouse gases are of serious environmental concern. Some of these gases like nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and fluorinated gases are responsible for trapping the heat in the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are currently held responsible for producing most of the carbon-dioxide emission. CO2 emitted in large quantities is majorly responsible for climate change. Rise in population has seen an increasing demand of fossil fuel for production of power, transportation, and various other industry-related processes resulting in emission of CO2 in enormous amounts (Valipour Berenjestanaki et al. 2019). Even though fossil fuels are the main sources of energy in the world, their depletion and release of pollutants motivate researchers to search for alternative fuel. (Mahlia et al. 2020). Heavy dependence on petroleum byproducts as sources of energy for different purposes such as transportation and power generation is not practicable with regards to the limited reserves across the world, growing prices, and concerns regarding the environment. Situation of internal combustion engines is of great concern as these engines are widely operated in areas such as transportation and power generation. Therefore, increasing the applications of advanced combustion techniques and alternative fuel which can provide higher efficiency, lower emission, and does not exploit the climate is required.
Economic order quantity models for items with imperfect quality and emission considerations
Published in International Journal of Systems Science: Operations & Logistics, 2018
Nima Kazemi, Salwa Hanim Abdul-Rashid, Raja Ariffin Raja Ghazilla, Ehsan Shekarian, Simone Zanoni
In an effort to reduce the negative impact of the human species on the environment, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), fluorinated gases and methane (CH4) have recently attracted especial attention (Helmrich, Jans, van den Heuvel, & Wagelmans, 2015). Just one of the emission gases, CO2, is solely found to be responsible for approximately half of the emission generated by human, and even is identified to be 50% more than its level in 1990 (Jaber, Glock, & El Saadany, 2013). These facts increased the public consciousness toward the new actions that could be taken to avert the negative effects on the environment, which subsequently motivated governments and legislative authorities to impose new environmental standards.
Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Carbon dioxide (76 wt.%) alongside methane (NH4, 16 wt.%), nitrous oxide (N2O, 6 wt.%) and fluorinated gases (2 wt.%) such as perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is a key part of the greenhouse gasses (GHG) emitted by the human activities (IPCC, 2014) (Zhao, Qian, Zhao, & Zhang, 2018). The anthropogenic negative impact on the environment such as industrialization, urbanization especially overconsumption, deforestation, overexploitation, pollution generation has led to global climate shift through increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Kumar, Sundaram, Gnansounou, Larroche, & Thakur, 2017). The statical data in 2016 proved that total global greenhouse gas emissions were around 49 billion tonnes in CO2 equivalent (Gt CO2 eq.) (Olivier, Schure, & Peters, 2017), including approximately 38 billion tonnes derived from combustion of fossil fuels, which are necessary to satisfy the global energy needs (Vessally, Didehban, Babazadeh, Hosseinian, & Edjlali, 2017). In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1760) the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was approximately 277 ppm (parts per million) (Joos & Spahni, 2007). Nowadays this value has risen to around 408 ppm (Kumar et al., 2017). On the basis of the data submitted, it has become obvious that the capture, storage, and utilization of greenhouse gasses posses an urgent challenge from the environmental and economic point of view. Aresta, Dibenedetto, & Angelini (2013) have proposed dividing the CO2 management into four categories- chemical synthesis, fuels productions, biotechnological routes and novel methods of utilization.