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Introduction
Published in Namrata Gangil, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Sachin Maheshwari, Composite Fabrication on Age-Hardened Alloy using Friction Stir Processing, 2020
Namrata Gangil, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Sachin Maheshwari
Thus, modern materials and processes lag behind (in decade) their actual time of evolution before they become TRL and formally adopted by this strategic sector. This fact indicates that only materials that acquire maturity of TRL are suitable for airframe structure. The current use of airframe materials fall under the following three main categories (Figure 1.5): Alloys of aluminum which possess required specific strength at prevailing temperature (2xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx series of aluminum alloys) over entire airworthiness life of aircraft, possess corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance.Fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix-based composites also known as carbon fiber reinforced plastic.Fiber metal laminate based materials also known as “Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy (GLARE).”
Drilling and structural property study of multi-layered fiber and fabric reinforced polymer composite - a review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2019
Yermal Shriraj Rao, Nanjangud Subbarao Mohan, Nagaraja Shetty, Basavannadevaru Shivamurthy
Hybrid laminates that consist of metal and FRP are used in high-velocity impact resistance in ballistic applications.[152] These multi-materials composite structure exhibits beneficial properties due to the hybrid combination of metal and FRP laminates.[153] The fiber-metal laminate (FML) also finds importance in aeronautic construction and exhibit enhanced properties, namely, “metal fatigue, impact, corrosion resistance, heat resistance and low density,” etc. as compared to the conventional metals.[154] The connection between the laminate and the metal sheet in FML accomplished most of the times by mechanical fastener which needs drilled holes.[35] The FML components encounter certain challenges due to dissimilar properties such as hardness and strength in addition to dissimilar behavior while machining.[36,155] Hence, on this area a few researchers have reported the drilling study on FML. Prisco et al.[35] explored the role of tool wear on dimensional accuracy, cylindricity of the drilled holes considering the drilling of CFRP/titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) stacks. While drilling to dissipate heat ester oil was used as a coolant. They drilled a hole such that the tool makes initial contact with the CFRP laminate and penetrates toward the metal alloy laminate. Diamond-like carbon-coated and uncoated, fine-grained WC (cobalt 5 Wt.%) and ultra-fine-grained WC (cobalt 4.2 Wt.%) of 7.937 mm diameter drills were used for drilling. They carried out the drilling of CFRP at a speed of 3560 rpm and feed rate of 630 mm/min, and peck drilling for alloy plate at a speed of 995 rpm and feed rate 70 mm/min. In this investigation owing to abrasion the wear of flank and cutting-edge deteriorates the drilled hole quality and it leads to undersize of holes. The authors noticed a direct correlation between flank wear and thrust force, found thrust force while drilling the CFRP was 40% of thrust force developed in drilling alloy laminate, and concluded that the coated ultra-fine-grained drill produced a better quality of holes compared to the remaining tools. Further, Impero et al.[36] performed a deep hole drilling on CFRP-Ti alloy stacks under wet and cryogenic cooling condition. They used WC-ultrafine grain, 7.94 mm diameter drill bit and investigated the effect of cryogenic assisted drilling on the cutting force and the quality of drilled holes. The study reported that due to cryogenic cooling the thrust force reduced by 17% and torque by 21% compared to the wet-drilling. Similarly, the cryogenic-aided drilling permitted to drill at an elevated speed. The drilled hole dimension of the CFRP reported to be slightly smaller in cryogenic cooling owing to the “spring-back phenomenon”. However, it is quite reverse with Ti alloy drilled plate. The study reveals that the exit burr-height is not reliant on drilling parameters, but it depends on the cooling circumstance with wet-drilling offers reduced burr-height.