China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cellular Response to Nanoscale Features
Published in Yubing Xie, The Nanobiotechnology Handbook, 2012
Manus J.P. Biggs, Matthew J. Dalby, Shalom J. Wind
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 (Jaiswal et al. 2000; Klees et al. 2005) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and are activated in adherent cells by FAK to act as mediators of both cellular differentiation (Ge et al. 2007) and survival (Saleem et al. 2009). Studies with MSC populations and primary human osteoblasts indicate that FAK-mediated ERK1/ERK2 signaling is an important modulator of osteospecific and adipospecific differentiation (Salasznyk et al. 2007), implying that topographical modification of an orthopedic construct may be a viable strategy to regulate both cellular adhesion and subsequent osteospecific differentiation. Indeed, nanotopo-graphical modification that induces an increase in integrin–substratum interaction and cellular spreading has been shown to upregulate the expression of FAK and ERK1/ERK2 in osteoprogenitor cells (Biggs et al. 2008; Sjostrom et al. 2009). Furthermore, both ERK1/ ERK2 signaling and focal adhesion formation are decreased in MSC populations cultured on topographical features that approach 100 nm in height (Park et al. 2007). One obvious advantage of this osteodifferential response in progenitor populations is that of increased implant stability and a reduction in repeat surgery.
Terpenoids: The Biological Key Molecules
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Moumita Majumdar, Dijendra Nath Roy
The MAPK/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) signalling pathway is also designated as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signalling pathway. It is an association of receptor proteins by which conformational changes transmit signal molecules from the cell surface to DNA in the cell nucleus for gene expression. The proteins of the pathway interact with each other through phosphorylation. Mutation of these protein coding genes leads to impairment of protein conformation, resulting in malignancy in the cell body. Compounds that can oppose these changes are investigated for their anticancer activity (Orton et al. 2005). Terpenoids from different classes are evaluated for their effect in the MAPK/ERK pathway.
p-synephrine induces transcriptional changes via the cAMP/PKA pathway but not cytotoxicity or mutagenicity in human gastrointestinal cells
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Diego Luis Ribeiro, Ana Rita Thomazela Machado, Carla Machado, Alexandre Ferro Aissa, Patrick Wellington Dos Santos, Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos, Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
PKA phosphorylates downstream MAPKs also named extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, and transcriptional regulation (Jain et al. 2018; Li et al. 2016; Takahashi et al. 2017). Data demonstrated that SN upregulated the expression of MAPK1 gene in both cell lines. MAPK1 translates ERK1 protein kinase, which is associated with the activation of biological functions, such as cell growth, adhesion, survival, and differentiation (Li, Tuergan, and Abulizi 2015). MAPK/ERKs participate in the transcriptional modulation of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) related to mitochondrial biogenesis during thermogenesis (Kohlie et al. 2017).