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Combustion of Pyrotechnic Compositions
Published in Ajoy K. Bose, Military Pyrotechnics, 2021
A few techniques are given below:Differential thermal analysis [DTA]Differential scanning calorimetry [DSC]Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry [MTDSC]Thermogravimetric analysis [TGA]Evolved gas analysis [EGA]Combustion calorimetryTemperature profile analysisThermal conductimetric analysis
Thermoanalytical Instrumentation and Applications
Published in Grinberg Nelu, Rodriguez Sonia, Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition, 2019
Kenneth S. Alexander, Alan T. Riga, Peter J. Haines
Evolved-gas analysis (EGA) is a technique in which the nature and/or the amount of gas or vapor evolved from the sample, is monitored against time or temperature while the temperature of the sample, in a specified atmosphere, is programed. There is no single type of instrument for EGA, but the technique will always involve a furnace and a gas analyzer or detector. Most commonly, the gas is analyzed by a mass spectrometer (MS) or Fourier transform infrared spectrograph (FT-IR). However, other gas analysis techniques can be used. If the gas is merely detected instead of being analyzed then the technique is termed gas analysis detection (EGD). Some specific forms of EGA have found increasing applications for studying aspects of catalysis, such as reduction, oxidation, or desorption. In this context, EGA in a hydrogen atmosphere is known as temperature-programed reduction (TPR) and EGA in an oxygen atmosphere is temperature-programed oxidation (TPO). EGA in the absence of decomposition, in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, is temperature-programed desorption (TPD). The method of analysis should always be clearly stated in describing these methods.
Preparation of Bulk and Supported Perovskites
Published in L.G. Tejuca, J.L.G. Fierro, Properties and Appbications of Peroushite-Type Oxides, 1992
Monitoring the nature of the decompositions and identification of the intermediate and final products requires a wide range of techniques such as XRD, Mossbauer spectroscopy, IR, Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area, and TEM. The most convenient and powerful general method is thermal analysis, however. The use of TG, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and evolved gas analysis (EGA) techniques will determine weight loss, phase transitions, solid state reactions, oxidation/reduction, and the gas evolved or consumed. For example, the perovskite BaPtO3 has been prepared by the thermal decomposition of a BaPt (OH) 6 precursor (24). TG and DTA were utilized to monitor the decomposition of BaPt(OH)6 in both O2 and vacuum. The decomposition pathway can be described by the reactions:
Model for batch-to-glass conversion: coupling the heat transfer with conversion kinetics
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2021
Pavel Ferkl, Pavel Hrma, Jaroslav Kloužek, Miroslava Vernerová, Albert Kruger, Richard Pokorný
The material properties, and , where is the thermal conductivity, is the true heat capacity, and is the density, are functions of temperature and the temperature history [30,57,58] the batch had experienced before reaching a spatial point . The experimental methods used to obtain their values include thermal analysis, evolved gas analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, batch expansion test, in-situ high-temperature neutron diffraction [36], and laser flash method [59]. Figure 6 displays the thermal diffusivity and effective heat capacity versus temperature as reported by Doi et al. [60] for a soda-lime glass. Note that the batch melting reactions end at 950°C.
Enhancement of transient thermal stability and flame retardancy of hydrophobic silica xerogel composites via carbon family material doping
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2019
Kazuma Oikawa, Kei Toyota, Toru Okazaki, Shinji Okada, Shigeaki Sakatani, Yamato Hayashi, Hirotsugu Takizawa
The organic hydrophobic functional group present on the surface of the hydrophobic silica xerogel was examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR-4700, JASCO). The Raman spectrum was measured using a Raman microscope (NRS-5100; JASCO). The excitation light was measured using a 532 nm diode laser by integrating it twice for an exposure time of 30 s. The nanoporous structures of the SX-Carbon-X and carbon materials were studied by N2 adsorption-desorption measured at 77K using a MicrotracBel BERSORP-MAX. The pore size distribution and pore parameters of SX-Carbon-X were calculated by the Brunauer-Emmitt-Teller (BET) method and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. Furthermore, the nanostructures of the SX-Carbon-X product were observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; S-4800, HITACHI High tech) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; S-4800, HITACHI High tech). To evaluate the transient heat resistance of the SX-Carbon-X, moreover, we carried out measurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC6200, SII). DSC was carried out in the range of 30°C to 550°C under a normal atmosphere (heating rate: 10°C/min, flow rate: 0 mL/min). To understand the behavior of bulk carbon materials during temperature rise, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA, SII) was carried out under normal atmosphere and under N2 atmosphere (heating rate; 10°C/min, flow rate; 300 mL/min). Furthermore, evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) was carried out using EGA-MS system (GC-MS; JMS-Q1000GCK9, JEOL, Pyrolyzer; PY2020iD, frontier-lab) under He atmosphere (heating rate; 10°C/min, flow rate; 0.5 mL/min) for quantitative analysis of the pyrolysis product gases from each carbon materials.