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Corrosion
Published in John H. Bickford, An Introduction to the Design and Bchavior of Bolted Joints, 2018
High-carbon and high-strength steels in general are the most susceptible to stress embrittlement [10]. High-strength martensitic stainless steels are also very susceptible, whereas austentitic and ferritic stainless materials will rarely cause problems [24].
Failure Modes
Published in David A. Hansen, Robert B. Puyear, Materials Selection for Hydrocarbon and Chemical Plants, 2017
David A. Hansen, Robert B. Puyear
Embrittlement refers to a loss of ductility and fracture toughness. A material in which crack growth is ordinarily by a ductile mechanism becomes susceptible to brittle crack propagation. In most cases, brittle or embrittled materials have a threshold temperature range above which they respond to crack propagation stresses in a ductile manner. Cracking that occurs below the threshold temperature is at least partially brittle. Such cracking is often catastrophic. Cracking that occurs above the threshold temperature is by a ductile mechanism.
Westinghouse Test Facilities for Lead Fast Reactor Development
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
Sung Jin Lee, Michael Ickes, Jeffrey L. Arndt, Michael Epstein, Asfaq Patel, Paolo Ferroni
This paper describes, in Sec. II, the first liquid-lead test system to become operational at Westinghouse, i.e., a rig to conduct tensile tests in a molten-lead environment to investigate the potential susceptibility of LFR candidate materials to liquid-metal embrittlement (LME). This rig, known as HELMET (Heavy Liquid Metal Embrittlement Test), is currently operating at the Westinghouse facility in Churchill, Pennsylvania. The next three sections describe three test facilities that are being installed at the Westinghouse Springfields site in the United Kingdom. Section III describes the MELECOR (MEtal-to-LEad CORrosion) high-temperature liquid-lead flow loop being installed at Westinghouse Springfields in the United Kingdom to evaluate the corrosion performance of LFR structural and fuel cladding materials at very high temperatures in liquid lead. Section IV describes the LEFREEZ (LEad FREEZing) test facility being installed at Westinghouse Springfields to experimentally assess the potential for structural damage of immersed components caused by liquid lead when it freezes and remelts. In addition, the facility will also be used to test certain LFR instrumentation, such as under-lead viewing (ULV) technology. Last, Sec. V describes the LEWIN (LEad-to-Water INteraction) test facility, also being installed at Westinghouse Springfields to experimentally assess some of the effects potentially resulting from the failure of a PHE in the Westinghouse LFR.
Development of Conceptual Lead Cartridge Design to Perform Irradiation Experiments in VTR
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2022
Seung Jun Kim, Keith Woloshun, Joshua Richard, Jack Galloway, Cetin Unal, Jeffrey Arndt, Michael Ickes, Paolo Ferroni, Richard Wright, Osman Anderoglu, Cemal Cakez, Khaled Talaat, Shuprio Ghosh, Brandon Bohannon
Another potential degradation mode for metals in heavy liquid metal environments is liquid metal embrittlement (LME). This phenomenon was investigated by Hojná et al.,15 who conclude that LME was not a significant concern for crack initiation or crack propagation in austenitic stainless steels in liquid lead environments at temperatures up to 450 C (liquid lead) and 500 C (liquid LBE). However, as the data generated in this study were not specific to the ELTA-CL structural materials and operating conditions, additional work is being undertaken to understand the impact of this degradation mode for the ELTA-CL design. WEC has constructed an LME test system, shown in Fig. 12, which will be utilized to investigate the performance of the ELTA-CL materials in liquid lead.
Recent progress and scientific challenges in multi-material additive manufacturing via laser-based powder bed fusion
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2021
Some researchers (Liu et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2020; J. Chen et al. 2019) studied the microstructure and mechanical properties of L-PBF-processed 316L–C18400–Cu10Sn samples. The results showed that the bimetal tensile strength and elongation were between those of the two base metals. The microstructure of the cross-section of the bimetallic samples had element diffusion zones at the material interface, which aided in improving the bonding strength. It is noteworthy that these investigations found no brittle intermetallic phases formed in the parts manufactured by L-PBF. By contrast, microcracks were observed on the 316L side at the material interface (Figure 5-e and -f) but not on the copper alloy side. This is considered as a typical liquid metal embrittlement (LME) defect resulting from the loss of ductility and subsequent embrittlement of solid metals after coming into contact with a specific liquid metal. This phenomenon has been investigated in-depth in the study of welding dissimilar metals (Chen et al. 2013). The formation mechanism of the LME defect is elaborated in the section ‘Discussions and challenges in multi-material L-PBF’.