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Oxidation Reactions
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
Dihydroxylation is the addition of two hydroxyl groups across an alkene, giving a vicinal diol as introduced in Section 7.4.3. There are two major reagents that give this product, KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) and OsO4 (osmium tetroxide).What is the structure of potassium permanganate?
Ibuprofen degradation and energy generation in a microbial fuel cell using a bioanode fabricated from devil fish bone char
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Miguel Mauricio Aguilera Flores, Verónica Ávila Vázquez, Nahum Andrés Medellín Castillo, Candy Carranza Álvarez, Antonio Cardona Benavides, Raul Ocampo Pérez, Gladis Judith Labrada Delgado, Sergio Miguel Durón Torres
Metabolic pathways of ibuprofen biodegradation remain poorly characterized. It is known that the biodegradation may proceeds via ligation with coenzyme A and formation of isobutylcatechol or by direct trihydroxylation of the aromatic ring, which is a prerequisite for further ring cleavage. A pathway of ibuprofen biodegradation by Ibu-2 included (i) ligation of ibuprofen with CoA by the CoA ligase IpfF, (ii) dihydroxylation of ibuprofen-CoA by the multicomponent oxygenase IpfABHI to yield 1,2-cis-diol-2-hydroibuprofen CoA, and (iii) removal of the acyl-CoA group by IpfD and IpfE to yield 4-isobutylcatechol.[43,49] Xu et al., [45] proposed a possible pathway of ibuprofen degradation in photo-MFC, where firstly •OH and •O2- attacked ibuprofen at different locations to produce a variety of hydroxylated ibuprofen. Then, •OH and •O2- attacked dehydroxylated ibuprofen resulting in decarboxylation and demethylation of its side chains, resulting in lower mass aromatic intermediates. Finally, •OH, •O2- and h+ attacked the aromatic intermediates, opening them up to form small molecules that were then mineralized into H2O and CO2.
Interactions of polyglycerol dendrimers with human serum albumin: insights from fluorescence spectroscopy and computational modeling analysis
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Pedro Palhari Santos, Alexandro da Silva Nunes, Alfredo Antonio Alencar Exposito de Queiroz, Alvaro Antonio Alencar de Queiroz
There is a growing need for development of drug carriers to effective clinical diagnosis and therapy. More recently much research activity has focused on the potential of poly(glycerol) dendrimers (PGDs) as drug carriers [1–3]. PGDs have been intensively prepared and characterized by Haag from the polymerization of trimethylolpropane (2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol) (TMP) core through a multi-step synthesis, which involves several allylation and dihydroxylation steps [4]. PGDs possess some distinctive physicochemical and biological characteristics that make them a promising carrier for drug delivery [3], gene [5,6] and fluorescent probes [7].