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Microwave Radiation in Biocatalysis
Published in Banik Bimal Krishna, Bandyopadhyay Debasish, Advances in Microwave Chemistry, 2018
David E. Q. Jimenez, Lucas Lima Zanin, Irlon M. Ferreira, Yara J. K. Araújo, André L. M. Porto
Ren et al. (2014) investigated the treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) using 2,4-DCP hydroxylase under MW and ionic liquid. 2,4-Dichlorophenol is a serious global contaminant because of its carcinogenicity, toxicity and persistence. A highly active 2,4-DCP hydroxylase removed the 2,4-DCP under microwave radiation and ionic liquid [EMIM][PF6] as an additive. The reaction was a fast, efficient and environmentally benign method for the dechlorination of 2,4-DCP to produce a catechol derivative (Scheme 1.22) [54].
Enzyme immobilization as a sustainable approach toward ecological remediation of organic-contaminated soils: Advances, issues, and future perspectives
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Litao Wang, Xuran Du, Ying Li, Yuhong Bai, Teng Tang, Jing Wu, Hong Liang, Dawen Gao
Except for bacterial enzymes described above, immobilized fungal laccases, mainly produced by Trametes versicolor, have also been widely used to remove pesticide residues in agricultural soils. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is a common pesticide. Once enter in water and soil, it easily accumulates in organisms and produces substantial toxicity (Ren et al., 2021). Immobilized laccase with montmorillonite removed more 2,4-DCP (about 95%) than free enzyme (55, 75, and 90% at 30, 55, and 100% of maximum water-holding capacity, respectively) in 14 d (Ahn et al., 2002). In soil treated with laccase, 44.4% of 2,4-DCP was degraded within 5 d by the free laccase group. In comparison, the immobilized laccase (Pleurotus ostreatus) with organic fertilizer removed 58.6% 2,4-DCP in 5 d (Ren et al., 2021). Wang, Z., et al. used biochar to immobilize commercial laccase to remediate and improve 2,4-DCP contaminated soil, and found that the laccase immobilized in biochar had a positive impact on the soil ecological environment, and the degradation rate of 2,4-DCP reached 64.6% in 5 d (Wang et al., 2021). Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum insecticide widely used in agriculture and household pest control (Singh et al., 2004). In the study of chlorpyrifos control, commercial laccase immobilized on iron oxide nanoparticles can better adsorb and degrade chlorpyrifos, and its leaching amount is 2.5 times less than the free enzyme (Das et al., 2020). Another study reported a 70% removal of chlorpyrifos in the soil after 48 h using laccase from Lenzites betulinus (Wang et al., 2017). In addition to the common pesticides mentioned above, immobilized enzymes also have broad application prospects for pesticides such as methoxychlor and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Huang et al. evaluated the effect of the chial-meso-SiO2@GO-immobilized commercial enzyme on the degradation of methoxychlor in the soil phase. For three contaminated soils with an initial content of 25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1, the methoxychlor removals were 93.0%, 85.8%, and 65.1% in 12 d, respectively (Huang et al., 2019). And 2,4-dinitrophenol with concentrations of 50 mg kg−1 was removed by laccase complexes with montmorillonite K10 and zeolite. The maximum removal for free laccase, laccase-zeolite, and laccase-montmorillonite complexes were 98.5%, 98.6%, and 90.4% after 16 h of incubation, respectively (Rahmani et al., 2020). Besides, nine pesticide residues were removed from soil using bio-sorbent immobilized laccase of 50 g (kg soil) −1, with immobilized laccase immobilized in peanut shell and wheat straw achieving 92.9% and 92.0% degradation in 7 d (Chen et al., 2019).