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Mechanisms of chemically induced respiratory toxicities
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
1,1-dichloroethylene, also known as vinylidene chloride, is used as a monomeric intermediate in the manufacture of plastics. Studies in the author’s laboratory have used dichloroethylene as a model to investigate the mechanisms that mediate lung toxicity, and to identify the specific events that occur in the period intervening between exposure and cytotoxicity. Treatment of mice with dichloroethylene produces Clara cell necrosis (Figs 2.1b, 2.3 and 2.4).4 The ciliated cells, endothelial cells as well as the alveolar Type I and Type II cells are not adversely affected by dichloroethylene at a dose that severely damages the Clara cells, indicating that Clara cells are the preferential targets of dichloroethylene in the lung.
Volatile organic compound concentrations and their health risks in various workplace microenvironments
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Simge Çankaya, Hakan Pekey, Beyhan Pekey, Burcu Özerkan Aydın
In this study, health risk calculations were performed for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of VOCs based on exposure and dose–response assessment. First, VOCs that cause carcinogenic effects and noncarcinogenic effects were identified. The dose–response relationship is crucial for risk assessment because it evaluates potential human risks at various exposure levels and is based on experimental animal data or epidemiology (USEPA 2005; See and Balasubramanian 2006). In this step, risk assessment parameters such as reference concentration (RfC), reference dose, inhalation unit risk (IUR), and cancer potency factor are important. The RfC was used for the toxic compounds, and the IUR was used for the carcinogenic compounds in this study. Table 3 details the RfC, IUR, and carcinogen category of each VOC. While dichloromethane, CTC, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, 1,2-dichloropropane, ethylbenzene, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and hexachlorobutadiene are considered carcinogenic, 1,1-dichloroethylene, toluene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, xylenes, styrene, isopropylbenzene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene are thought to be non-carcinogenic but unsafe to human health.