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List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Ethylene dichloride is one of the highest volume chemicals used in the United States. It is a colorless oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor, detectable over the range of 6–40 ppm, with a sweet taste. Ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), which has a carbon-carbon single bond, should be distinguished from 1,2-dichloroethene, which has a carbon-carbon double bond. It is a skin irritant. Ethylene dichloride is also used as an extraction solvent, as a solvent for textile cleaning and metal degreasing, in certain adhesives, and as a component in fumigants for upholstery, carpets, and grain. Other miscellaneous applications include paint, varnish, and finish removers, soaps and scouring compounds, wetting and penetrating agents, organic synthesis, ore flotation, and as a dispersant for nylon, rayon, styrene-butadiene rubber, and other plastics.
Mechanisms of chemically induced respiratory toxicities
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
1,1-dichloroethylene, also known as vinylidene chloride, is used as a monomeric intermediate in the manufacture of plastics. Studies in the author’s laboratory have used dichloroethylene as a model to investigate the mechanisms that mediate lung toxicity, and to identify the specific events that occur in the period intervening between exposure and cytotoxicity. Treatment of mice with dichloroethylene produces Clara cell necrosis (Figs 2.1b, 2.3 and 2.4).4 The ciliated cells, endothelial cells as well as the alveolar Type I and Type II cells are not adversely affected by dichloroethylene at a dose that severely damages the Clara cells, indicating that Clara cells are the preferential targets of dichloroethylene in the lung.
Environmental chemicals and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Placenta as a target and possible driver of pre- and postnatal effects
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Jing Li, Adrian Covaci, Da Chen
We estimated that a total of 260 environmental chemicals exhibited a median concentration from 3 pg/g to 5150 ng/g lipid weight in human placenta, based on the reported data across different studies (according to the standard that average water content of human placenta is 87.0%, and total lipid accounting for 12.4% of the dry weight of the placenta or 1.6% of the wet weight of the placenta (Li et al., 2016) (Figure 2 and Table S1). The highest concentrations were generally reported for CPs and PAHs, whereas the lowest concentrations were reported for more hydrophilic chemicals, such as hydroxylated PBDEs (e.g., 4′-hydroxy-2,2′,4-tribromodiphenyl ether, and 2′-hydroxy-2,3′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) and several OCPs (e.g., 2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4′-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene, o,p'-DDE, cis-chlordane, and trans-chlordane). However, no significant correlation was observed between the estimated median concentrations of individual environmental chemicals and their logarithmically transformed octanol-water partition coefficient (Log Kow). This may be confounded by a variety of factors influencing the placental exposure. One of the major factors could be the large regional differences in the exposure levels for a specific chemical or group of chemicals. For example, placental levels of bisphenol A (BPA) ranged from 12 to 1880 ng/g lipid weight in different studies. The large data variability may affect the meta-analysis.
An alternative generic groundwater-to-indoor air attenuation factor for application in commercial, industrial, and other nonresidential settings
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Laurent C. Levy, Keri E. Hallberg, Rodrigo Gonzalez-Abraham, Christopher C. Lutes, Loren G. Lund, Donna Caldwell, Teresie R. Walker
The data in the DoD VI database are limited to chlorinated VOCs; i.e., the data do not include petroleum VOCs, which tend to exhibit a lower degree of VI potential because of their greater attenuation due to biodegradation in the vadose zone (EPA 2015b; Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council 2014). The nine chlorinated VOCs considered for the statistical analyses (Table 1) include compounds commonly associated with VI, either because of their historical use at DoD installations (e.g., TCE and PCE) or due to their occurrence in the subsurface as degradation products (e.g., cis-1,2-dichloroethene [cis-1,2-DCE]). The dataset was collected during the period 2008–2017 and includes indoor air, SSSG, and groundwater data associated with the various buildings. The vast majority of the indoor air samples – though not all – were collected in canisters and analyzed by the EPA TO-15 method. The sampling duration was typically 8 or 24 hr. Not all the sampling information in the DoD database was readily available, and the impact of sampling duration or analytical methods on the results was not evaluated.
An alternative generic subslab soil gas-to-indoor air attenuation factor for application in commercial, industrial, and other nonresidential settings
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Keri E. Hallberg, Laurent C. Levy, Rodrigo Gonzalez-Abraham, Christopher C. Lutes, Loren G. Lund, Donna Caldwell
The data in the DoD VI database are limited to chlorinated VOCs, i.e., the data do not include petroleum VOCs, which tend to exhibit a lower degree of VI potential because of their greater ability to biodegrade in the vadose zone (EPA 2015b; Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council 2014). The nine chlorinated VOCs considered for the statistical analyses (Table 1) include compounds commonly associated with VI, either because of their historical use at DoD installations (e.g., TCE, PCE) or due to their occurrence in the subsurface as degradation products (e.g., cis-1,2-dichloroethene [cis-1,2-DCE]). The dataset was collected during the period 2008–2017. The vast majority of samples – though not all – were collected in canisters and analyzed by the EPA TO-15 method. Indoor air sampling duration for canister samples was typically 8 or 24 hr. SSSG sampling duration ranged from 5 minutes to 24 hr. Not all the sampling information in the DoD database was readily available, and the impact of sampling duration or analytical methods on the results was not evaluated.