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Biotechnology in the Refinery
Published in Wael Ahmed Ismail, Jonathan Van Hamme, Hydrocarbon Biotechnology, 2023
Nour Sh. El-Gendy, James G. Speight
The asphaltene fraction of Castilla crude oil which is known to be rich in heavy metals, was reported to be treated with three different hemoproteins, namely chloroperoxidase, cytochrome C peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase in both aqueous buffers and organic solvents. Only chloroperoxidase was effective in eliminating the Soret peak and removed approximately 27% and 53% of V and Ni, respectively from the petroporphyrin-rich fractions and asphaltene constituents (Mogollôn et al., 1998). According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), chemically modified cytochrome c catalyzed the oxidation of carbon and sulfur atoms in the asphaltene molecules (Garcia-Arellano et al., 2004). The enzymatic treatment of asphaltene constituents is an interesting alternative to heavy metal removal in order to reduce catalyst poisoning during hydrotreatment (HDT) and cracking processes. Five asphaltene-degrading bacterial strains were obtained from crude oil and polluted soil samples collected from Dorood oilfield in the south of Iran. Maximum degradation efficiency of 46% and 48% was achieved by B. lentus and a consortium of five selected bacterial isolates, respectively. Statistical optimization of asphaltene biodegradation was successfully carried out and the optimum values of pH-6.7, 76 g/L salinity and 22 g/L asphaltene concentration for asphaltene biodegradation at 40°C (104°F) were obtained for pure cultures of B. lentus (Tavassoli et al., 2012).
Role of Enzymes in the Bioremediation of Refractory Pollutants
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
Viresh R. Thamke, Ashvini U. Chaudhari, Kisan M. Kodam, Jyoti P. Jadhav
The peroxidase enzyme can be divided into haem and non-haem proteins. The haem peroxidase is classified into two groups as found only in animals and found in plants: fungi, and prokaryotes. The second group is subdivided into three classes: Class I includes yeast cytochrome c peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase from the plant, and bacterial gene duplicated catalase peroxidase. Class II includes lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase which are mainly involved in the degradation of lignin in wood. Class III contains secondary plant peroxidases that are categorized as biosynthetic enzymes mainly involved in plant cell wall formation and lignification. The non-haem peroxidase forms five different families: thiol peroxidase, alkylhydroperoxidase, non-haem haloperoxidase, manganese catalase, and NADH peroxidase. Among these thiols, peroxidases are the largest and include two subfamilies: glutathione peroxidase and peroxy redoxins.
Toward Printable Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies for Cell Analytics
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies, 2017
Martin Brischwein, Giuseppe Scarpa, Helmut Grothe, Bernhard Wolf, Stefan Thalhammer
Several groups have recently reported on the development of nanofluidic systems to mechanically manipulate and isolate single cells or small groups of cells in microscale tubing and culture systems. The Quake Group used multilayer soft lithography, a technology to create stacked 2-D microscale channel networks from elastomers to fabricate integrated PDMS-based devices for programmable cell–based assays [49]. They applied the microdevice for the isolation of single Escherichia coli bacteria in subnanoliter chambers and assayed them for cytochrome c peroxidase activity. Khademhosseini et al. reported on the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based microwells within microchannels to dock small groups of cell in predefined locations. The cells remained viable in the array format and were stained for cell surface receptors by sequential flow of antibodies and secondary fluorescent probes [50]. Trapping of cells using biomolecules in nanofluidic systems has been demonstrated using antibodies and proteins with high affinity to the target cell (for review, see Refs. [51,52]). Chang et al. used square silicon micropillars in a channel coated with the target protein, an E-selectin-IgC chimera, to mimic the rolling and tethering behavior of leukocyte recruitment to blood vessel walls [53]. Using electric fields to both induce flow and separate molecules is widely adapted to microscale devices to separate nucleic acids and proteins [54,55]. For cell-capture dielectrophoresis has been adapted to microscale devices, in which a nonuniform alternating current is applied to separate cells on the basis of their polarizability [56].
Microbial and functional characterization of granulated sludge from full-scale UASB thermophilic reactor applied to sugarcane vinasse treatment
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Franciele Pereira Camargo, Isabel Kimiko Sakamoto, Tiago Palladino Delforno, Cédric Midoux, Iolanda Cristina Silveira Duarte, Edson Luiz Silva, Ariane Bize, Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche
Besides the CAZymes, a KO related with lignin-like compounds degradation could be observed, the K00428 (0.043%), a cytochrome c peroxidase. This KO was mainly related with the Leptospira (20.56%), Sulfurimonas (40.12%) and Brumimicrobium (19.52%) genera. However, even though peroxidases may be associated with lignolytic activity, their activity may be related to other metabolic pathways, such as in the protection against oxygen molecules in strictly aerobic organisms [61], being not possible to state that such mentioned genera are lignolytic only due to the presence of this enzyme. Being that, it is worth mentioning that Brumimicrobium [62] and Leptospira [63] were already described in the literature as potentially related to lignin degradation.