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Processing of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Zero-Waste Materials Recovery
Published in Sheila Devasahayam, Kim Dowling, Manoj K. Mahapatra, Sustainability in the Mineral and Energy Sectors, 2016
Recupyl is a company located in France and has an annual capacity of 110 tons (Zhang and Cheng, 2007). It mostly uses hydrometallurgy techniques and recycles alkaline/zinc–carbon batteries, lithium-ion, and electric vehicles batteries (http://www.recupyl.com). The battery material is crushed in an inert gas atmosphere of argon and CO2 mixture. The off-gases are leached with water and neutralized with soda. Then they use mechanical separation to separate the steel and copper from the paper and plastics. The remaining materials, metal oxides and carbon, are sieved and they are added in stirring water, adding lithium hydroxide to alkaline the solution. This step is carried out in an atmosphere of low oxygen because there is hydrogen gas release (Vezzini, 2014). Then, after filtering, the solution of lithium salts is obtained and lithium precipitates as LiCO3 using CO2 gas or as Li3PO4 using H3PO4. The solid mixture remaining from filtration, containing solid oxide mix, inserted lithium, and carbon, is further treated with acid leaching using sulfuric acid and is filtered. Then the cobalt solution is electrolyzed to recover cobalt, and sulfuric acid and lithium salts are oxidized using sodium hypochlorite to obtain lithium sulfate and trivalent cobalt hydroxide (Vezzini, 2014).
® Molecular Recognition Technology (MRT) Approach
Published in Abhilash, Ata Akcil, Critical and Rare Earth Elements, 2019
Steven R. Izatt, Reed M. Izatt, Ronald L. Bruening, Krzysztof E. Krakowiak, Neil E. Izatt
The MRT process produces a high-grade Co product. Cobalt is concentrated by elution from the SuperLig® 138 column using a small quantity of a sulfuric acid/sulfite solution. High value Co metal can then be produced by electro-winning or direct precipitation of cobalt hydroxide after pH adjustment. The raffinate stream will have a pH of ~1.0. It is significant in this application that a single SuperLig® product is used for recovery of both Ni and Co as high-purity products. Marked simplification of the separation and recovery processes for both Ni and Co are seen.
Alternative black coatings prepared on aluminium alloy 1050
Published in Surface Engineering, 2019
Christophe Casademont, Jérome Roche, Laurent Arurault
The influence of the effective voltage applied during the electrochemical step was the first parameter evaluated. A study was conducted on anodic films of 5 µm for applied effective voltages varying from 5 to 15 V during the electrochemical step, while the impregnation in (NH4)2S was kept constant for 10 min. Following the electrochemical step, no black colouring was visually observed whatever the applied effective voltage; rather a blue/grey colour was obtained. These results demonstrate the absence of cobalt electrodeposition in the cobalt nitrate solution, unlike the results obtained after electrochemical colouring in cobalt sulphate electrolyte. Indeed, due to their respective standard potentials (E° NO3−/NO2− = + 0.01 V/HNE and E° Co2+/Co = –0.28 V/HNE, at 25°C), the reduction of nitrate (Equation (9)) occurs before the reduction of cobalt ions (Equation (6)). Instead of metal deposition, hydroxide ions were electrogenerated and subsequently reacted with cobalt ions (Equation (8)) inducing the precipitation of cobalt hydroxide Co(OH)2.
A Review on Environmental, Economic and Hydrometallurgical Processes of Recycling Spent Lithium-ion Batteries
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021
E Asadi Dalini, Gh. Karimi, S. Zandevakili, M. Goodarzi
(Myoung et al. 2002) studied cobalt oxide production from waste LiCoO2 by employing the electrochemical-hydrothermal method. According to the analysis of linear sweep voltammogram, it can be seen that the non-conductive material, such as cobalt hydroxide, is formed on the titanium substrate. Using a constant potential of −1.0 V, a strange structure (island-like) is covered over the titanium electrode. With various analyzes, it became clear that this strange structure is cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2). By employing a suitable heat treatment, cobalt hydroxide can be converted into cobalt oxide.