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Security Challenges Facing Port Operations
Published in Kenneth Christopher, Port Security Management, 2014
Incendiary weapons are used to cause fire damage on flammable materials and objects. Incendiary devices or bombs use materials such as napalm, thermite, chlorine trifluoride, or white phosphorus. Flamethrowers, Molotov cocktails, fire accelerants, and fuel-air explosives are all types of weapons that are included in this category. Incendiary weapons are relatively easy to obtain and use and may cause significant localized areas of destruction. The concern for security managers in a port environment is that the shipment and industrial uses of hazardous materials present challenges in terms of being aware of and monitoring the presence and use of materials that could be converted into incendiary weapons. Fueling operations and many industrial uses of these types of materials present the security operation with a responsibility to screen vehicles and personnel for the presence of hazardous materials, which could be illegally converted into WMD.
Chemical Rocket Propellants
Published in D.P. Mishra, Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion, 2017
Several kinds of liquid oxidizers that can be used as propellant in rocket engines have been devised and developed. These oxidizer compounds mainly contain some atoms of oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen, nitrogen, boron, and so on. Some examples of liquid oxidizers (see Table 6.6) are hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, liquid oxygen, ozone, nitrogen peroxide, liquid fluorine, chlorine trifluoride, chlorine pentafluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen difluoride. Some of these oxidizers are not being used nowadays. Some common liquid oxidizers that are being used in liquid-propellant rocket engines are discussed in the following.
Advances in Gel Propellant Combustion Technology
Published in Debi Prasad Mishra, Advances in Combustion Technology, 2023
Manisha B. Padwal, Debi Prasad Mishra
They do not interact (i.e. do not form bonds or loose associations) with ordinary gellant molecules at such extreme conditions. These weak interactions mean that the fuel is not ‘taken up’ by the gellant and most organic gellants cannot be used for cryogenic propellants. It was established early on that particulate gellants could trap the cryogens [5]. Commercial silica-based particulate gellants (for example, Cab-O-Sil®) are readily available, though the low-density of cryogens necessitated high mass loading or nanometric particle size of these inert gellants for gaining appreciable up-take of the cryogen. However, chemical inertness of silica severely degrades specific impulse. A novel solution was therefore devised in the form of low-density, high-energy sub-micron particles of solid fuels to advance the development of cryogenic gel propellants. These gellants included aluminum (Al) and boron (B) metal hydrides of lithium (Li) fuel [4] and chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) oxidizer [6]. Acid polymerization of 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl) ethane (BTMSE) and 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane (BTMSH) gave polymeric gellants [7, 8]. All these gellants are amenable to processing methods like rapid condensation, freeze-drying, and supercritical fluid processing that yield sub-micron gellant particles. Meanwhile, the dramatic decrease in the mass loading of gellant achieved using Cab-O-Sil® particles of size ~7 nm has been demonstrated along with ‘slush’ H2 produced through ultra-low temperature cooling of LH2 [5]. Slush H2 is a mixture of liquid and solid H2. In fact, all examples of cryogenic gel propellants mentioned have optimized on the concentration of gellant by bringing down the mass loading of gellant to less than 5 wt % through the use of sub-micron gellant particles.
Molybdenum-99 from Molten Salt Reactor as a Source of Technetium-99m for Nuclear Medicine: Past, Current, and Future of Molybdenum-99
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
Jisue Moon, Kristian Myhre, Hunter Andrews, Joanna McFarlane
So far, molecular fluorine81–85 (F2), hydrogen fluoride,86–89 and chlorine trifluoride84 (ClF3) are commonly used and suggested fluorinating agents. However, these reagents are highly corrosive and react with moisture, acids, and bases at room temperature. In the 2010s, McNamara et al.90,91 and Scheele et al.92 studied NF3 as a fluorination reagent to improve safety and thermal stability. Currently, NF3 is used on an industrial scale to etch with a form of plasma and clean microelectronic devices.93,94 This compound is not corrosive and is thermally stable to relatively high temperatures,91 and thermal studies indicate thermal decomposition in the temperature range of 800°C to 1200°C (Refs. 95 through 98).