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Production of Biopolymer from Waste Materials as the Suitable Alternative for Plastics
Published in S Rangabhashiyam, V Ponnusami, Pardeep Singh, Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management, 2023
Rohaida Che Man, Nur Nadia Binti Mohd Zakaria, Nurul Nabila Huda Baharudin
Apple waste could be used as a suitable substrate to produce biopolymer. It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, fermentable sugars (e.g. glucose, galactose, arabinose, fructose, and sucrose), pectin, and lignin (Cargnin and Gnoatto, 2017). High amounts of fibers, polyphenols, and carbohydrates are also found in apple waste (Liu et al., 2021). The advantages of using this residue include the waste conversion to a biodegradable biopolymer and waste management process. This will lower the overall cost of the process. Around 30%–35% of the mass of a raw apple ends up as apple waste after the apple is consumed or processed (Povolo et al., 2010). The waste contains the peels, seeds, and core. The waste is usually used as animal feed and organic fertilizer. In industrial microbiology, the high content of fermentable sugars is usually utilized as a carbon source to produce value-added products (Pratto et al., 2016). In this context, apple waste can be used as an inexpensive carbon feedstock for the production of eco-friendly bioplastics (Pereira et al., 2021).
Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
In nitrified wastewater the nitrates are converted anaerobically to nitrogen gas through the denitrification biological process. Under anaerobic conditions the nitrate serves as the electron acceptor, or hydrogen donor, for the oxidation of organic matter by the facultative heterotrophic bacteria. This process is restricted to bacteria of the chemoorganotrophic genera. The denitrification process can be carried out in a packed bed or fluidized reactor followed by a clarifier. An organic carbon source is needed to act as a hydrogen donor and to act as a carbon source for biological synthesis. Examples of substances used as a carbon source include methanol, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, and sugar. Methanol is used as the carbon source in case of water systems because of its availability, ease of application, and also due to the fact it does not have a residual BOD5 in the effluent. The detention time required for denitrification of a domestic wastewater is usually in the range of 2 to 4 hours, depending on the nitrate loading and temperature. A carrousel system or a plug flow type of activated sludge system with an anoxic chamber is capable of carrying out denitrification.
Significance of Greenhouse Gas Measurement for Carbon Management Technologies
Published in Subhas K Sikdar, Frank Princiotta, Advances in Carbon Management Technologies, 2020
Annual variations in data records such as these reflect the role of CO2 exchange processes between Earth’s atmosphere, land and oceans. As the primary carbon source for photosynthetic chemical pathways in vegetation, CO2 is both removed from the atmosphere through uptake by plant material (photosynthesis) and respired by plants, particularly when photosynthesis ceases during the night. Animals, soils and water-borne microbes also respire CO2 as part of their normal biologic function. The globally aggregated CO2 uptake processes on land and in the oceans account for approximately half the CO2 currently emitted yearly from anthropogenic sources (Allen, 2014). Similar annual cycles in mole fraction are also observed for other atmospheric greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (Basso, 2016; Christensen, 2003), although the process mechanisms giving rise to these differ. The differing magnitude of variations reflects GHG emission source and sink complexity globally, regionally, and locally, as do estimation and measurement system challenges for quantifying GHG atmospheric exchange fluxes over this broad and complex range of spatiotemporal scales and processes.
Multifunctional photocatalyst of graphitic carbon embedded with Fe2O3/Fe3O4 nanocrystals derived from lichen for efficient photodegradation of tetracycline and methyl blue
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Fufeng Yan, Lijun Hu, Minghua Wang, Shunjiang Huang, Shuai Zhang, Linghao He, Zhihong Zhang
Among the various carbon precursors, biomass carbon-source materials have attracted considerable attention because of their variety of sources, such as plants (e.g. coconut shell, corn stalk, and seaweed) and animals (e.g. silk, cow bone, and eggs). Thus, biomass materials have the advantages of easy availability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts derived from biomass have large surface areas and abundant pores, which provide abundant active sites and result in superior photocatalytic activities for treating pollutants [27]. In addition, some biomass materials can be directly used as adsorbents for the pollutant removal [28]. As effective adsorbents, lichens have been used to adsorb bisphenol A [29] and Pb2+ [30] efficiently. Sometimes, one catalyst, such as BiVO4–RGO [31], BiOCl–Au–CdS [32], or Bi2MoO6 [33], exhibits multifunctional degradation abilities toward diverse pollutants, thus simultaneously removing organic dyes and antibiotics.
Optimization of process parameters for naringinase production by Aspergillus tubingensis UA13 and pilot scale-up study
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Xin-Ke Xia, Yuan-E. Zhang, Sheng-Jiao Lei, Biao Hu, Cai-Xia Fu
Carbon source is an essential nutrient for microbial synthetase, and also a major source of energy for strain growth. In fungi, diverse carbon sources are suitable for naringinase production. However, in recent years, one of the most difficult conundrums in enzyme industry is that carbohydrates had an inhibitory effect on naringinase production.[20] In this study, it was found that all carbon sources, glucose, lactose and sucrose, in fermentation medium repressed naringinase productivity in Aspergillus tubingensis UA13, which was attributed to substrate inhibition. Similarly, Bram and Solomons [21] reported that naringinase production was impeded by glucose, lactose, citric acid, sucrose and starch although these carbon sources stimulated the strain growth. To eliminate the adverse influence of carbohydrate on naringinase production, inducers such as naringin, pomelo peel powder and rhamnose were utilized. It was firstly shown by Chen et al. [22] that pomelo peel powder was a potent inducer for naringinase. Rhamnose was used as the sole carbon source for rhamnosidase production by Cardona et al.[23] In this study, naringin was implemented both as the sole carbon source to support UA13 growth and as an inducer for naringinase production.
Tetramethylpyrazine production from edible materials by the probiotic Bacillus coagulans
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Haoxuan Zhong, Jie Shen, Zhe Meng, Jing-yi Zhao, Zijun Xiao
During the whole microbial fermentation process, the carbon source was not only a crucial element for building cell materials but also an energy source for cellular activities. On the basis of the results in Figure 5A, glucose was the best substrate for acetoin fermentation; glucose is usually a good carbon source for bacterial growth and is used to build cell components during fermentation. As shown in Figure 5B, with glucose concentrations from 20 to 60 g/L, the production of acetoin gradually increased. The results showed that glucose concentration had a significant effect on the yield of acetoin. When the glucose concentration exceeded 60 g/L, the output of acetoin decreased slightly, and the production costs of glucose increased. Generally, increasing the glucose ratio to the highest value in the study resulted in decreased acetoin production. Therefore, a glucose concentration of 60 g/L was selected for subsequent fermentation experiments.