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2 Separation Performance
Published in Zeinab Abbas Jawad, 2 Sequestration and Separation, 2019
R.J. Lee, Z.A. Jawad, A.L. Ahmad, H.B. Chua, H.P. Ngang, S.H.S. Zein
The Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB) possesses few interesting characteristics that include, film-forming properties, acetyl and butyryl functional groups, which can effectively improve and further expand the capacity of cellulose chain giving high sorption characteristic, as well as high impact, weather and chemical resistant (Feng et al. 2015, Basu et al. 2010, Kunthadong et al. 2015). The CAB was first investigated and studied by Sourirajan back in 1958, then followed by Manjikian and others in reverse osmosis (RO) separation (Wang et al. 1994). They reported that the CAB membrane owned high solute separation with tolerable membrane flux result, and also provided ease of fabrication as some pre-treatment was negligible (Ohya et al. 1980, Wang et al. 1994). However, limited studies have been conducted on the effects of the acetyl group content on CAB membranes in the CO2/N2 gas separation field. Further, no reports or systematic studies have been performed on the effects of membrane production procedure and fabrication parameters. This includes membrane-casting thickness, solvent exchange time for both isopropyl alcohol and n-hexane with different CAB molecular weights as well as the polymer matrix material structure and performance of CAB membranes. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of membrane production procedure and fabrication parameters. Discussions on how the mentioned parameters can affect the membrane in terms of morphology and gas separation performance are presented in this chapter. The separation performance of the synthesized CAB membrane was selected to evaluate the specified parameters towards CO2/N2.
Plastics materials and rubbers
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB) is tougher and more resistant to moisture than is ordinary CA and at the same time retains the other useful properties of CA. Because of its greater resistance to moisture, it is useful for the manufacture of handles for brushes and cutlery. Cellulose acetate-propionate (CAP) is slightly tougher and more ductile than the other cellulosics but is used for similar purposes. Table 19.4 summarises the properties and uses of cellulosics.
Industrial Polymers
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB) has several advantages in properties over cellulose acetate: lower moisture absorption, greater solubility and compatibility with plasticizer, higher impact strength, and excellent dimensional stability. CAB used in plastics has about 13% acetyl and 37% butyryl content. It is an excellent injection-molding material (Tenite Butyrate by Kodak, Cellidor B by Bayer).
Synthesis and Characterisation of PVC-based non-plasticised polymer inclusion membranes for selective metal extraction
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Rohit Jha, Munmun Agrawal, Kamalesh K. Singh
PIMs are essentially composed of the base polymer, extracting agent, and optionally a plasticiser. In a few cases, it has been seen that the carrier itself works as a plasticiser [10–12]. The main function of the base polymer is to provide mechanical stability in the membrane [13]. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and cellulose triacetate (CTA) is the two most frequently used base polymer for the fabrication of PIMs [14,15]. However, a lot of effort is going on to increase the use of various other polymers such as Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB) [16]. Plasticisers may work in strengthening the membrane and also helps in the holding of metal ions in the membrane phase. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP), Dibutylsebacate (DBS) Nitro phenyl octyl ether (NPOE), Nitro phenyl pentyl ether (NPPE), etc. are among the most usually used plasticisers [17,18]. A carrier or extractant provides selectivity to the membrane in extracting the metal ions from aqueous solutions [3]. These carriers may be of various types such as acidic, basic and chelating, neutral and solvating, and macro-cyclic and macromolecular [4]. The efficiency of metal extraction through PIMs depends on the carrier. Therefore, the choice of a suitable carrier is crucial [19]. In recent years, many types of carriers were used to recover the selective metal from the multi-metallic liquor [4].
The influence of cellulose acetate butyrate membrane structure on CO2/N2 separation: effect of casting thickness and solvent exchange time
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Wan Chin Cha, Zeinab Abbas Jawad
In order to solve these global issues, potential CO2 separation approaches are highly crucial. According to Dortmundt and Doshi (1999), membrane separation is a technology that is very promising for the elimination of bulk acidic gas (Dortmundt and Doshi, 1999). This technology comprises of various notable advantages, including simple operations and minimum possible operating costs, since the entire separation plant is able to operate nearly automatic and unmanned (George et al., 2016). Further, according to Fu et al. (2008), cellulose has been chosen as the best existing material for membrane fabrication given that it is bio-degradable, exhibits great durability and stability, vastly abundant, chemically stable with high chlorine tolerance, highly capable for molecular-weight cutoff controls, and possesses high resistance to alkalis, acids and organic solvents (Fu et al., 2008). Moreover, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) illustrates relatively higher permeability for CO2 when compared to other cellulose materials like cellulose butyrate (CB), and cellulose acetate (CA) (Chen et al., 2014). In addition, it comprises of both butyryl and acetyl groups. Therefore, cellulose is a highly promising material for the fabrication of membranes. Nevertheless, the membrane technology’s main concern is its application as it is difficult to achieve both high gas permeability and high selectivity at the same time (Freeman, 1999).
Impact properties of thermoplastic composites
Published in Textile Progress, 2018
Ganesh Jogur, Ashraf Nawaz Khan, Apurba Das, Puneet Mahajan, R. Alagirusamy
In addition to physical and chemical methods, biological methods may also be applied with the aim of modifying the natural-cellulose fibre surface and studies have revealed that such biological treatment is environmental-friendly and efficient [182,183]. Fungal treatment is used to modify the fibre surface by removing non-cellulosic elements (wax) from the fibre surface through the action of specific enzymes, and white rot fungi produce extracellular oxidases, enzymes that react with lignin constituents (lignin peroxide) and they therefore help to remove lignin from the fibre and reduce the hydrophobic tendency of the fibre by increasing hemicellulose dissolution. The method also creates hyphane that produces fine holes on the fibre surface to make it rough and to cause better interlocking of fibre and matrix. Pommet et al. [184] proposed a novel bacterial technique for fibre surface modification; their study revealed that deposition of 5–6% fermented bacterial cellulose nano-fibrils as a substrate on the surface of sisal and hemp, resulted in significant enhancement in interfacial adhesion with polymeric matrices such as PLA and cellulose acetate butyrate. Deepaksh et al. [185] improved mechanical properties in composites by successfully modifying the hemp fibre surface using a fungus called Ophiostoma ulmi (the fungus which causes Dutch Elm Disease). The untreated and treated hemp fibres are presented in Figure 22.