China 
Africa 
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Nanosensors in Food Safety: Current Status, Role, and Future Perspectives
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences, 2019
BreveToxin (BTXs) are lipid-soluble polyether marine neurotoxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Shellfish). Their effect is excitatory, mediated by the enhancement of cellular Na+ influx leading to muscle pain, loss of coordination, abdominal pain, respiratory irritation, slow heart rate, headache, dilated pupils. The fast detection is manifested by the development of electrochemical immunosensor by Tang et al.85 The GNPs was used as a platform for nanosensing which was anchored with amine-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers (GNP-PAADs) that served as a substrate for the immobilization BTX-B-BSA conjugate. The competitive immunoassay was performed and the detection limit, as well as working concentration range, was found to be 0.01 ng/mL and 0.03–80 ng/mL BTX-B, respectively.
A review of algal toxin exposures on reserved federal lands and among trust species in the United States
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Zachary R. Laughrey, Victoria G. Christensen, Robert J. Dusek, Sarena Senegal, Julia S. Lankton, Tracy A. Ziegler, Lee C. Jones, Daniel K. Jones, Brianna M. Williams, Stephanie Gordon, Gerald A. Clyde, Erich B. Emery, Keith A. Loftin
Within the areas managed by USFWS, there have been 553 events (Tier 1: 136, Tier 2: 377, Tier 3: 40) documented in 58 managed areas in 21 states (Table 1; Supplementary Table 5; 9.7% of all reserves managed by USFWS). The USFWS manages lands in a wide variety of environmental conditions, and with recorded differences in salinities of NWR many different species of toxic algal blooms may be present. The most reported freshwater toxin was microcystin (maximum reported concentration 32,000 µg/L). The type of algal toxin reported in coastal reserves were specific to the coast. On the east and west coasts, the predominant algal toxin was saxitoxin while in the Gulf Coast, brevetoxin was the predominant algal toxin. Animals found in USFWS land units suspected or confirmed to have algal toxin poisoning or exposure included marine mammals, birds, reptiles, domestic livestock, and companion animals.