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Desalination
Published in P.K. Tewari, Advanced Water Technologies, 2020
Water containing salinity in the range of 1,000–20,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) is generally known as brackish water. Different types of desalination processes are used to bring down the salinity of water. Brackish water desalination using a membrane process to get drinking quality water from saline water is practiced widely. There are several advantages of brackish water desalination by membrane process, such as low specific energy requirement and low-pressure membranes. It has short start-up and shutdown times. It can be easily integrated with renewable energy sources including solar, wind, tidal, etc. Technological innovations have brought down the specific energy consumption in brackish water RO considerably to about 1 kwh/m3. The incorporation of advanced membrane-based pretreatment technology such as microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) has the potential to increase plant recovery, reduce consumables required for operation and maintenance, reduce membrane cleaning frequency and increase membrane life.
Sustainable Development and Future Trends in Desalination Technology
Published in Andreas Sapalidis, Membrane Desalination, 2020
Mattheus Goosen, Hacene Mahmoudi
Conventional technologies for desalination of salt and brackish water are still limited since they have a high demand for energy which is mostly provided through expensive fossil fuels, whereas less than 1% of the desalination capacity depends on renewables (Bundschuh et al., 2018). However, the upsurge in desalination capacity and the proportional energy rise in demand make the further use of fossil fuels, increasingly economically and environmentally unsustainable. A massive shift from fossil fuel – powered desalination to renewable energy (RE) powered technologies will be essential to meet the growing demand for freshwater production by desalination. Decoupling freshwater production costs from the ever increasing prices of fossil fuels is vital if freshwater is to be provided for agricultural purposes such as irrigation in which water is demanded in large quantities but at lowest possible cost.
Membrane techniques in the treatment of geothermal water for fresh and potable water production
Published in Jochen Bundschuh, Barbara Tomaszewska, Geothermal Water Management, 2018
Michał Bodzek, Krystyna Konieczny
The technological progress in design and integration of membrane processes observed over the last two decades has also caused a reduction in brackish water desalination costs of more than a half and in some cases even by 64% (Ghaffour et al., 2013). The establishment of rigid costs for brackish water desalination is a difficult issue due to the instability of its composition (Arras et al., 2009). In general, the cost of brackish water desalination is always lower than seawater treatment, due to the lower concentration of salts in raw water, that is, lower required transmembrane pressure and higher water recovery rates. It also results in lower energy consumption and much lower investment costs. The low cost of drinking water produced from brackish water may be also obtained in the case of EDR. A very large installation of total capacity 200,000 m day−1 for brackish water desalination has been constructed in Barcelona, Spain (Ghaffour et al., 2013). EDR is usually preferred over RO in the case of raw waters of high ratio of sulfates to chlorides. The costs of brackish water desalination have decreased from 0.50–0.80 US$ m−3 in the 1980s to 0.20–0.35 US$ m−3 nowadays. The costs of desalination of brackish water of significant mineralization (33,000mgL−1) are established at 0.25–0.28 US$ m−3 of desalted water in the case of conventional preliminary treatment, high-capacity membranes and installation capacity of 15,000 m day−1 (Abdelmajid and Fethi, 2002; Bodzek and Konieczny, 2011).
Thermal modelling of single and double slope passive solar stills for different climatic zones in India
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Chetpelly Akshay, Palash Soni, Sushil Kumar Dhiman, Shubhankar Bhowmick, Vivek Kumar Gaba
In the present scenario the most consumable and the most valuable thing in every human life is water. Even though 70–71% of earth surface is covered by water bodies, most of the water is salty because of the water in seas and oceans is more compared to that of other water bodies (Abdullah et al. 2020a). The most miserable thing is about 97% of water is in the form of seas and oceans and only 2.6% of water is fresh and that is available in rivers, lakes, ponds and wells, etc. (Sachdev, Gaba, and Tiwari 2020a). Even in that small percentage of fresh water, humans are using only less than 1% of fresh water for drinking process (Essa, Elaziz, and Elsheikh 2020a). Even though this less percentage of water is trusted to be sufficient for human life there will be more need for fresh water not only due to decrease in water resources but also due to increase in population as well (Tiwari and Tiwari 2007). There are many types of processes to get fresh water from brackish water such as vapour compression, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, solar distillation, multistage flash distillation and multiple-effect distillation (Sadasivuni et al. 2020). Of these, solar distillation method is the basic type of process to produce potable water which resembles the hydrological cycle and is also inexpensive (Sachdev, Gaba, and Tiwari 2020b).