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List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Bifenthrin is moderately toxic to species of mammals when ingested. Exposures to large doses of bifenthrin cause poisoning with symptoms that include, but are not limited to, incoordi-nation, tremor, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and irritability to sound and touch. Exposures to bifenthrin through skin absorption and/or inhalation of dust cause adverse health effects. On contact with bifenthrin, occupational workers develop adverse health effects that include skin sensations, rashes, numbness, and a burning and tingling type of effect. As a pyrethroid poison, bifenthrin disturbs the electrical impulses in nerves, over-stimulating nerve cells, causing tremors and eventually causing paralysis. The skin-related health effects were found to be reversible and subside after a brief period of time and stoppage of further exposures to bifen-thrin. Although bifenthrin causes no inflammation or irritation on human skin, it can cause a tingling sensation that lasts about 12 h. Bifenthrin has caused no symptoms of irritation to rabbits’ eyes. The US EPA has classified bifenthrin as toxicity class II, meaning moderately toxic.
Genotoxic action of bifenthrin nanoparticles and its effect on the development, productivity, and behavior of Drosophila melanogaster
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Martha P. Cruces, Emilio Pimentel, Luz M. Vidal, Elizabeth Jiménez, Hugo Suárez, Enrique Camps, Enrique Campos-González
Bifenthrin half-life in soil varies between 65 and 125 days, but might range from 2 weeks to over 1 year depending upon the soil type, moisture, pH or temperature (Chen et al. 2014; Laskowski 2002; Lee et al. 2004; Mohapatra and Ahuja 2009). Residues of BIF were frequently detected in environmental media, especially biota, representing a potential adverse risk to the health of wildlife and humans (Yang, Wu, and Wang 2018). Bifenthrin is a third-generation type I synthetic pyrethroid considered with toxicity class II moderately toxin by United States Environmental Protection Agency (WHO 2009), widely used as an agent for its higher insecticidal lethal activity, higher stability, and lower toxicity to mammals (Yang, Wu, and Wang 2018). The increasing use of BIF and its widespread detection in the ecosystem have raised public concern regarding its toxicological effects in the environment (Bouaziz et al. 2020; Magnuson et al. 2022; Park et al. 2020) and has been recognized as the primary insecticide associated with aquatic toxicity (Yang, Wu, and Wang 2018). Hladik and Kuivila (2012) showed that aquatic toxicity in urban and agricultural areas was mainly attributed to BIF contamination. Jeppe et al. (2017) in a field study noted that BIF is highly toxic to Austrochiltonia subtenuis, a common amphipod, in urban wetlands. Magnuson et al. (2020) reported that BIF markedly increased apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress as evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Onocorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook salmon). Similarly, Park et al. (2020) demonstrated that in zebrafish BIF elevated intestinal ROS accumulation, inflammatory responses, loss of embryogenesis and defects in vascular development. Mundy et al. (2020) found that BIF exposure in Hypomesus transpacificus (Delta smelt) resulted in hyperactivity especially during light exposure indicative of behavioral dysfunction and altered neurodevelopment. Recently, Farag et al. (2022) reported that exposing O. niloticus to BIF, induced hepatorenal deficits accompanied by tissue oxidative stress. In addition, the activities of digestive enzymes were decreased associated with altered intestinal morphometry. This corresponded with concomitant overexpression of hepatic stress-related genes p53, Caspase-3, and HSP-70 (Farag et al. 2022).