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Metals in the workplace
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Kerrie Burton, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Metallic antimony finds use in alloys with lead (e.g. battery grids), in cable sheaths, pewter, ammunitions and some solders. Salts of antimony are used in paints, rubber, glass and ceramics. One regular application of antimony trioxide is as a fire retardant in weather-proofing/insulation membranes for housing construction. The toxic effects of antimony resemble those of arsenic, and include irritation of mucous membranes, gastrointestinal symptoms, sores in the mouth and skin lesions. The hydride of antimony, stibine, is an extremely toxic haemolytic agent. Antimony trisulfide is also very toxic and is reported to cause heart failure. This effect on cardiac muscle may be shared by other antimony compounds as well.
Metals in the workplace
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Metallic antimony finds use in alloys with lead (e.g. battery grids), in cable sheaths, pewter, ammunitions and some solders. Salts of antimony are used in paints, rubber, glass and ceramics. One regular application of antimony trioxide is as a fire retardant in weather-proofing/insulation membranes for housing construction. The toxic effects of antimony resemble those of arsenic, and include irritation of mucous membranes, gastrointestinal symptoms, sores in the mouth and skin lesions. The hydride of antimony, stibine, is an extremely toxic haemolytic agent. Antimony trisulfide is also very toxic and is reported to cause heart failure. This effect on cardiac muscle may be shared by other antimony compounds as well.
Components of Energetic Compositions
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
Several metallic sulfide compounds have been used as fuels in pyrotechnic compositions. Antimony trisulfide, Sb2S3, is a reasonably low-melting material of 548°C, with a heat combustion of approximately 1 kcal/g. It is easily ignited and can be used to aid in the ignition of more difficult fuels, serving as a “tinder” in the same way that elemental sulfur does. It has been used in the fireworks industry for white fire compositions and has been used in place of sulfur in “flash and sound” mixtures with potassium perchlorate and aluminum.
Fade and recovery characteristics of commercial disc brake friction materials: a case study
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
Pradnya Kosbe, Pradeep Patil, Rajendra Kulkarni
Graphite possesses a low coefficient of friction in the range of 0.07 to 0.5. Graphite is used as a solid lubricant in the friction composites which maintain the stable friction film and reduce the wear rate but reduces the COF drastically. The same observations are observed in the case of FC1 which is having the lowest COF as compared to other friction composites FC2, FC3, and FC4 (Except in grade FC4 from 6th to 9th brake application COF is lower than FC1). In Grade FC3, Al element is absent, but there is the presence of Zn, Si and Mg elements. At the same time, there is the presence of Sb, S elements (Ref. Figure 8(c)) which are there in lubricants like antimony trisulphide (Sb2S3). Barium sulphate (BaSO4) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) are used as fillers in friction materials. CaCO3 is low-cost additive, alternative to BaSO4 (Blau). Ba element is present in grade FC3. Due to this FC3 is giving stable and high COF as compared to all other grades. In grade FC2 (Ref. Figure 8(b)) Fe element is observed during SEM – EDX analysis. The same fibrous structure is observed during SEM micrograph of grade FC2 (Ref. Figure 8(b)). It reveals that there is a presence of steel fibres which increase the coefficient of friction and voids (Bijwe and Kumar 2007). Grade FC2 showed this characteristic during dynamometer tests. In the grade, FC2 void contents are more (Ref. Figure 7). In grade FC4 (Ref. Figure 8(d)) Sb, Ca, S and C elements are present. In grade FC4, Sb and Ca percentage is very high as compared to other grades. Sb2S3 decreases COF strongly at higher temperatures (Gudmand-Høyer et al. 1999). Ca indicates that calcium carbonate is used as a space filler in the development of FC4 friction composites. FC4 is not stable at elevated temperatures. Degradation of CaCO3 takes place at a higher temperature which reduces COF and also increases the wear rate. Gaining of COF is observed in the case of grade FC4. From Figure 8(d), it is observed that Sb is present in FC4. Antimony trisulfide is mainly used as a solid lubricant in brake friction materials. This is due to a high content of antimony trisulfide in grade FC4 which decomposes up to 300°C to 350°C due to the volatilisation. Then it forms the oxides so there is gaining in weight and it helps to maintain the stable friction layer (Cho et al. 2005; Jang and Kim 2000). There is a gain of COF from 7th to 15th brake application.