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Plant Nutrition and Turf Fertilizers
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Other minor use P sources include bone meal, basic slag, urea-ammonium phosphate, magnesium ammonium polyphosphate (8-40-0), nitric phosphate, and calcium metaphosphate (or apatite). Bone meal contains 15% to 34% P2O5 plus ~4% N and is an animal bone by-product. Basic slag is a steel manufacturing by-product containing 10% to 18% P2O5 and 12% N. It also contains some Ca and should be finely ground before use. Phosphoric acid is a liquid containing 53% P2O5. Liquid forms of ammonium phosphate commonly used are 10-34-0 and 11-37-0 and are formed by reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid. Nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfuric acid can be added to make the desired grade.
Radioactive Waste
Published in William H. Hallenbeck, Radiation Protection, 2020
Phosphate rock is mined and processed into phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Phosphoric acid is used in the manufacture of ammonium phosphate fertilizer. The processing of phosphate rock generates insoluble gypsum (CaSO4) as a byproduct. As of 1986, there were 1.2 billion tons of phosphogypsum waste located in the following states: Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Minnesota, North Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, and Wyoming. Phosphate rock has a relatively high concentration of uranium and other naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., 30–40 pCi radium/g of waste material). When uranium prices were high, uranium was recovered from the rock. Phosphogypsum wastes have been used to reclaim land for housing developments.
Soil
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Phosphate minerals are rich in trace elements required for plant growth, such as boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. Ironically, these elements are lost to a large extent when the phosphate minerals are processed to make fertilizer. Ammonium phosphates are excellent, highly soluble phosphate fertilizers. Liquid ammonium polyphosphate fertilizers consisting of ammonium salts of pyrophosphate, triphosphate, and small quantities of higher polymeric phosphate anions in aqueous solution work very well as phosphate fertilizers. The polyphosphates are believed to have the additional advantage of chelating iron and other micronutrient metal ions, thus making the metals more available to plants.
Geochemical and health risk assessment of potentially toxic trace elements and nitrate via groundwater in agro-ecosystem of alluvial plain Punjab, India
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
In the present investigation, the NO3− value in the shallow and deeper samples ranges from 8.8 to 259 and 1.8 to 112.7 mg/L, respectively. Thus, a considerable difference was observed between shallow and deeper aquifer samples (Figure 6a–c). Overall, 19.1% of the deeper and 52.2% of the shallow samples were above the safe limits of WHO (2011) (50 mg/L) and BIS ISDWS (2012) (45 mg/L). Higher NO3− concentration in the shallow aquifer samples is also reported in the Bist-Doab area of Punjab (Lapworth et al. 2017). Higher NO3− value in the shallow aquifer might have resulted from the surface runoff mixing (Panaskar et al. 2016) and other unmonitored anthropogenic activities (Ahada and Suthar 2018; Adimalla and Qian 2019). Improper management and excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers might be the reason for the higher concentration of nitrate in the region. Malwa region consumed a large amount of NPK fertilizers in the past few years to attain high agriculture productivity (Tilman et al. 2001). Urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), mono ammonium phosphate (MAP), and nitro phosphate combined with potash are the most often utilized fertilizers in the area (MacDonald 2019).
Conclusive selection of optimal parameters for cellulase production by Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 under SSF via saccharification of acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Lavika Jain, Akhilesh Kumar Kurmi, Deepti Agrawal
The varying physicochemical parameters included incubation time (4, 6, 8 days), incubation temperature (20, 24, 28, 32, 36°C) and initial moisture content (54–65%) of wheat bran. Studies were also carried out to evaluate the influence of external nitrogen addition (0–0.847 g N2/100 g bran) added as ammonium sulfate, different nitrogen sources added at optimized N2 content (ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, mono ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, urea), simple sugars (glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, cellobiose and maltose added at 1%), complex carbon sources (filter paper, Avicel PH-101, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (Na salt of CMC), and acid-pretreated lignocellulosic bagasse added at 5%) and different surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween-20, Tween-80 added at 0.5%).
In vitro evaluation of curcumin-loaded chitosan-coated hydroxyapatite nanocarriers as a potential system for effective treatment of cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Katayon Hemmati, Navid Ahmadi Nasab, Saeed Hesaraki, Nader Nezafati
Curcumin, chitosan (with 90% deacetylation), calcium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dialysis bag, amphotericin B powder, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), RPMI-1640 culture medium, trypan blue color, powder propidium iodide, and methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) salt from Sigma-Aldrich, acridine orange and ethidium bromide from Thermo Fisher Scientific, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin G antibiotic, streptomycin antibiotic, trypsin-EDTA enzyme (0.25%) from Gibco, ethanol, citric acid, and 36% hydrochloric acid were purchased from Merck. Without any further purification, all solvents were emerged with a suitable degree for synthesis.