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Drilling and Completions
Published in Chun Huh, Hugh Daigle, Valentina Prigiobbe, Maša Prodanović, Practical Nanotechnology for Petroleum Engineers, 2019
Chun Huh, Hugh Daigle, Valentina Prigiobbe, Maša Prodanović
Prodanović and Johnston (2017) investigated the stability and proppant-carrying capacity of ultra-dry CO2 and N2 foams stabilized with nanoparticles, surfactant, and polymers. They used silica nanoparticles, lauramidopropyl betaine (LAPB) surfactant, and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer. Their foams had water contents between 2% and 5% and displayed good stability at temperatures up to 120°C and pressures up to 20.7 MPa (3000 psi). In particular, the foam displayed the ability to suspend sand proppant for up to 1 day at a pressure of 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) with negligible change in foam quality. The generated foams were shear thinning and had apparent viscosities of hundreds to thousands of centipoises, which was much larger than the apparent viscosity of foams without nanoparticles. Emrani and Nasr-El-Din (2017) used an anionic alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOS) surfactant along with silica and iron oxide nanoparticles to stabilized CO2 foams. They found that nanoparticles greatly improved foam stability relative to the base case of AOS alone and that silica nanoparticles formed more stable foam than polymers or viscoelastic surfactants. They additionally showed that mutual electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles yielded stronger foams, and that for the silica nanoparticles, the optimal concentration was 0.1 wt%. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the effects of nanoparticle surface chemistry on foam stability, rheology, and strength.
Foam stabilized by SiO2/AOS adsorbed at the gas–liquid interface: influence of the degree of nanoparticle modification
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Jiali Wang, Zhongbin Ye, Nanjun Lai, Yuaojie Huang, Hongwei Xu
Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to explore the foam stabilization effect of nanoparticles with different modification degrees and the factors that affect the stability of foam systems that comprise nanoparticles with different modification degrees and surfactants. In this study, we selected the silane coupling agent dimethyldimethoxysilane (DM) as the modifier and controlled the amount of DM to obtain a series of treatment products with different degrees of modification. First, the synergistic foam stabilization effect of SiO2 nanoparticles with different modification degrees and the anionic surfactant sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOS) was studied. In addition, statistical methods were used to investigate the decay of the compound foam system of SiO2 with different degrees of modification and AOS and to study the characteristics of the coarsening behavior of bubbles. Finally, the interfacial expansion and shear rheological properties of the syntactic foam fluid were investigated to further clarify the decay mechanism of the foam system and provide ideas and methods for analyzing the foam decay process and the foam stabilization mechanism of nanoparticles and surfactants from the perspective of quantitative statistics and dynamic analysis. This research provides a theoretical basis for the screening of the formulation of the nanoparticle-surfactant compound foam system, as well as an experimental basis for the practical application of the nanoparticle-surfactant compound foam system.
Mechanism of the viscosity reduction with ternary compound in the sulfonate-straight chain alcohol-alkaline compound system
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Zhijian Yang, Guiyang Ma, Zhiyong Hu
The viscous crude oil used in the experiment was from a block of an oilfield after dehydration and degassing, which the measured viscosity was 5033.47 mPa·s at 50 °C and the density was 0.927 g-cm−3 at 20 °C. The alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) used in this experiment has the anionic surfactant with purity over 92%. Six straight chain alcohols used all has purity of more than 98%, including 1-propanol (CH3(CH2)2OH), 1-butanol (CH3(CH2)3OH), 1-pentanol (CH3(CH2)4OH), 1-hexanol (CH3(CH2)5OH), 1-heptanol (CH3(CH2)6OH) and 1-octanol (CH3(CH2)7OH). Three alkali used all have purity of more than 99%, including inorganic weak alkali (Na2CO3 and Na5P3O10) and organic alkali (DEA).
Enhancing foam stability in porous media by applying nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2018
Shengbo Wang, Changlong Chen, Mohannad J. Kadum, Bor-Jier Shiau, Jeffrey H. Harwell
Surfactants are chosen as foam agents in most formulating work. The two surfactants used were a nonionic surfactant, linear secondary alcohol ethoxylate (trade name Tergitol 15-s-40), and an anionic alpha olefin sulfonate surfactant (trade name Polystep A-18). Nonionic Tergitol 15-s-40 is 100 wt% active and was obtained from the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, US. It contains averaging 40 ethylene oxide (EO) groups. Nonionics are generally more tolerant of high salinities than anionic counterparts, making their solution viable in various reservoir conditions.[33] Anionic Polystep A-18 is 39 wt% active and was supplied by Stepan Company, Northfield, IL, US. It has a molecular weight of 313 g/mol and contains average alkyl chain of 14–16 carbons. It exhibits reasonable low adsorption on sandstones and generates appreciable amount of foam with gas injection (Farajzadeh et al. 2008).[32] The structures of the surfactants used are depicted in Table 1, Figures 1 and 2.