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Controlling the internal concentrations of gases and odor within and emissions from animal buildings
Published in Thomas Banhazi, Andres Aland, Jörg Hartung, Air Quality and Livestock Farming, 2018
The application of a urease inhibitor is not limited to the manure of mammals; it can also successfully be used in poultry houses (Singh et al., 2009). In a 21-d study, Singh et al. (2005) evaluated the effectiveness of a commercially available urease inhibitor in reducing NH3 emissions from used broiler litter. After 14 d, there was an approximately 42% lower NH3 concentration compared to the control. This seems to be surprising at first glance because instead of urea, uric acid is excreted by birds targeted by enzymes, which normally differ from urease. Hence, the process for decomposing uric acid into NH3 includes a reaction chain consisting of uricase, urease and other enzymes, which are contributed by microorganisms (e.g., Barnes and Impey, 1974; Cook et al., 2008; Rothrock et al., 2008a; Rouf and Lomprey, 1968). Uricase converts uric acid into allantoin, which is later converted into glyoxylate and urea. With the addition of water, urease breaks urea down into NH3 and CO2, as summarized by Ritz et al. (2004). Urease inhibitor application measures are generally effective, but a continuous buildup of urea may require a higher inhibitor application rate over time (Parker et al., 2005), which makes a suitable cost-benefit ratio questionable.
Determination and correlation of solubility and Thermodynamic properties of allantoin in four binary solvents from 288.15 K to 333.15 K
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Junlan Liu, Yanyang Wu, Kui Chen, Bin Wu, Lijun Ji
Allantoin (C4H6N4O3, CAS Registry No: 97-59-6) exists in plants, bacteria, and most mammals (Zhang et al. 2021). The structural formula was shown in Figure 1. As allantoin can have an exfoliating effect, speed up skin cell regeneration, and help the skin smooth and soft (Xie et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2021), it has been widely used in facial creams, sunscreen products, lipsticks, etc. Meanwhile, it has been used as a drug for skin defective diseases due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (Ahn et al. 2014; Sakthiguru and Sithique 2020; Valle et al. 2020). In addition, it can be been applied as a nitrogenous fertilizer in agriculture field as well (Fahad et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2020; Moriyama et al. 2020). However, its application has been restricted by the low solubility. It could be increased when the average particle size decreased down to 10 μm (Sarkas 2021), or adding urea derivatives and amino acid analogs into drug formulations (Zhan et al. 2021; Zhang 2008). The detailed solubility data of allantoin, which is crucial for the design and optimization of crystallization and its application, have not been reported in literature.
Preparation of allantoin loaded liposome formulations and application for cosmetic textile production
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2025
Güneş Sayıt, Sakine Tuncay Tanrıverdi, Özgen Özer, Esen Özdoğan
To produce cosmetic textile products having moisturizing, re-epithelization and relieving cracks effect, allantoin could be used as an active ingredient. Allantoin is a natural chemical compound with formula C4H6N4O3 that is produced by many organisms, including animals, bacteria and plants. It improves the skin's moisture retention providing a smoothening effect. It exfoliates dry and damaged cells increasing the skin's softness and radiant appearance. It also helps with the prevention of skin irritation and supports the natural regeneration of the skin. Therefore, it is used as an active ingredient in cosmetics (Manca et al., 2016).