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Published in Jean-Louis Burgot, Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics, 2019
This chapter is devoted to some physico-chemical properties of the molecule named adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and to some of its derivatives-adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). It also talks about some properties of the coenzyme NAD+ and some properties of phosphate and pyrophosphate ions of interest for us. The part played by ATP in bioenergetics is very important. It is the basis of one of the most useful concepts in the domain of biochemical changes occurring in the intermediary metabolism—the concept of the “high-energy bond”. Of course, before tackling these bioenergetic aspects, some physico-chemical properties of ATP and those of some of its derivatives must be recalled. It will be the same for NAD+, NADH and some of their derivatives.
Microbial Metabolism
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
ATP is a nucleotide that is of fundamental importance as a carrier of chemical energy in all living organisms. It conists of adenine linked to D-ribose (e.g., adenosine); the D-ribose component bears three phosphate groups, linearly linked together by covalent bond. These bonds can undergo hydrolysis to yield either a molecule of adenosine-diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate or a molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate. Both these reactions yield a large amount of energy that is used to bring about biological processes as muscle contraction, the active transport of ions and molecules across cell membranes, and the synthesis of biomolecules. The reactions bringing about these processes often involve the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of the phosphate group to intermolecular substrates. Most ATP-mediated reactions require Mg2⁺ ions as cofactors.
Mammalian Cell Physiology
Published in Anthony S. Lubiniecki, Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture Technology, 2018
Besides its roles in protein synthesis and as an oxidizable energy substrate, glutamine can play other important roles in cellular metabolism, e.g., its role in purine metabolism. Raivio and Seegmiller (164) suggest that the availability of glutamine in the culture medium of normal and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts may be rate limiting for de novo purine synthesis in vitro. The first "committed step" in purine synthesis is the reaction of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) with glutamine to form phosphoribosylamine, an example of a glutaminedependent amination (86). A second glutamine-dependent amination and an aspartate-dependent amination also occur for each molecule of inosinic acid formed. Aspartate then donates another amino group to inosinic acid to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which can then be converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and eventually to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (86). Glycine also contributes significantly to purine synthesis by contributing two carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom to each purine molecule formed. Aspartate is a major byproduct of glutamine metabolism in some cells (70, 71) and glycine can be formed from 3-phosphogly cerate, a glycolytic intermediate (Fig. 2). The contributions of glutamine, aspartate, and glycine to the purine molecule adenine are shown in Fig. 3.
Phytochemical and biological characterization of aqueous extract of Vassobia breviflora on proliferation and viability of melanoma cells: involvement of purinergic pathway
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Altevir Rossato Viana, Nathieli Bianchin Bottari, Vinícius Rodrigues Oviedo, Daniel Santos, James Eduardo Lago Londero, Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger, Erico Marlon Moraes Flores, Aline Pigatto, André Passaglia Schuch, Alexandre Krause, Luciana Maria Fontanari Krause
In recent years, purinergic signaling was reported to play an important role in cancer development (Campos-Contreras, Díaz-Muñoz, and Vázquez-Cuevas 2020; Huang et al. 2021; Zanoni et al. 2022), since this process is involved in the modulation of inflammation and immune response (Franciosi et al. 2022; Khalafalla, Tran, and Khalafalla 2022). The targets investigated in these cases are biomolecules present in the extracellular environment, including nucleotides as well as nucleoside derivatives such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Stagg and Smyth 2010). Purinergic system signaling activity depends upon nucleotide levels, the general dynamics of purinergic synthesis and degradation, and expression pattern of purinergic receptors and enzymes (Cekic and Linden 2016; Gratal et al. 2020).
Behavior of Phosphorus during Sewage Sludge Ozonation
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2023
Yanfang Liu, Wei Gao, Sijie Yin, Xiaoyue Lou, Gong Li, Haoyun Liu, Zaixing Li
To obtain a comprehensive view of the differences in the quantities of P fractions in solids, the SMT protocol was applied, and the resulting concentrations of the five P fractions is shown in Figure 3. The P in the WAS sample was almost 2.4% by dry mass (23.75 mg TP(S)/g dry WAS). This is roughly equivalent to the 2.5% by dry mass reported in a typical wastewater treatment plant in China (Shi et al. 2019) and higher than the 1.7% by dry mass reported as typical for activated sludge in New Zealand (Pokhrel et al. 2018). NAIP was the major form of P in the raw WAS with a concentration of 10.09 mg/g. Combined with the AP, the total IP amount for 67.9% of TP(S). Because P species in WAS are mainly soluble ortho-P, which can be easily combined with metal ions and particulate Ca/Mg/Al–P, raw sewage is considered mainly as a source of IP. In addition, NAIP is about 62.4% of IP in raw WAS, which has been reported to be one of the most labile forms of P (Wang et al. 2020). It has been reported that NAIP accounts for more than 80.9% of IP in sludge samples fed with domestic influent and 66.8% of that in sludge samples fed with industrial influent (Yu et al. 2021). In relation to OP, the content of OP was 7.39 mg/g. A variety of OP species have been found in WAS, including deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, monoester-P, diester-P, phospholipids, and phytic acid (Wu et al. 2017).
Minimal medium optimization for soluble sulfate removal by tailor-made sulfate reducing bacterial consortium
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2020
Chaitali Chanda, Mandakini Gogoi, Indranil Mukherjee, Shaon Ray Chaudhuri
In the above equation, APS is adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate, and AMP is adenosine monophosphate. This generated sulfide can reduce the pH of the solution which is counterbalanced by bicarbonate generation through the oxidation of the electron donor (Wang et al. 2013). Hence, pH maintenance by the system is possible (Xu and Chen 2020). Recovery of metals for reuse with efficient and stable chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal using alternative inexpensive carbon and energy sources reduces the system's running cost (Van den Brand et al. 2015). A major byproduct of sulfate removal is sulfide (Hulshoff Pol et al. 1998; Noyola, Morgan-Sagastume, and López-Hernández 2006) generation that in turn can be used to remove nitrogen by acting as an electron donor through autotrophic denitrification (Kieu, Muller, and Horn 2011) and also as a heavy metal remover by precipitation (Hao et al. 2014). Sulfide oxidized to elemental sulfur has an application in sulfuric acid production and the removal of metals from soils and sediments by bioleaching (Vallero 2003).