China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemical and Health Consequences of Particle/Vapor Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Their Derivatives
Published in Douglas A. Lane, Gas and Particle Phase Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds, 2020
In contrast to BaP, pyrene is overwhelmingly metabolized to one species — 1-hydroxypyrene (13) (or 1-pyrenol). In fact, urine contains 13 as well as the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates although the latter appears to be the most abundant [26]. Typical analyses will subject urine to enzymatic hydrolysis (mixed sulfatase/glucuronidase) prior to analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene. (We regard this as a loss in information content since the relative balance between 1-hydroxy-pyrene derivatives may provide information on exposure route and/or inter-individual variation). Since pyrene is usually an order of magnitude more abundant than BaP in environmental mixtures and due to its relatively clean conversion to 1-hydroxypyrene, the latter has been widely used to monitor urine for human exposure to PAH [27]. Thus, we have the ironic situation that the largest environmental PAH database is for a particulate-phase species-BaP and the largest urinary PAH database is for a compound (pyrene) found predominantly in the vapor phase. A more recent suggestion involving use of hydroxy-phenanthrenes [28] still poses the same dilemma. Obviously, if one could comfortably derive a pyrene/BaP emission ratio this would be useful but differences in reactivity upon aging would affect Tetrahydroxytetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (12) and 1-hydroxypyrene (13).this ratio. More to the point, there may be different health significance to exposure to particle-born PAH (BaP and pyrene) versus gas-phase PAH (pyrene).
Effectiveness of dermal cleaning interventions for reducing firefighters’ exposures to PAHs and genotoxins
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2023
Jennifer L. A. Keir, Tracy L. Kirkham, Rocio Aranda-Rodriguez, Paul A. White, Jules M. Blais
Urine aliquots were sent to the ISO/IEC 17025– and ISO/IEC 17043–accredited Human Toxicology Laboratory of the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ; Quebec City, QC, Canada) for analysis of urinary PAH metabolites via gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (Gaudreau et al. 2016). Briefly, urinary metabolites were deconjugated with β-glucuronidase in pH 5.0 sodium acetate buffer, extracted twice with hexane, and derivatized with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. Samples were spiked with 25 μL of an internal standard solution (1-methoxyfluorene 50 μg/L in benzene) prior to injection. Nineteen urinary PAH metabolites were measured: 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyfluoranthene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-hydroxybenz[a]anthracene, 3-hydroxybenz[a]anthrancene, 2-hydroxychrysene, 3-hydroxychrysene, 4-hydroxychrysene, 6-hydroxychrysene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Fernando Barbosa, Bruno A. Rocha, Marília C. O. Souza, Mariana Z. Bocato, Lara F. Azevedo, Joseph A. Adeyemi, Anthony Santana, Andres D. Campiglia
The most ubiquitously used biomarkers to investigate human exposure to PAHs and risk for cancer development include (i) quantification of hydroxyl PAH metabolites in urine which indicates their internal dose in the human organism with the most employed being 1-hydroxypyrene since pyrene is one of the most abundant PAH found in PAHs mixtures; (ii) cytogenetic alterations found in lymphocytes, used as a biomarker of exposure, including MN formation, Ca and SCE; (iii) DNA adducts formation with reactive PAHs and/or reactive intermediates usually quantified in surrogate tissues, such as circulating leukocytes; (iv) genetic polymorphism which depends among other factors, upon the ethnic composition of the population examined (Gearhart-Serna et al. 2018; Souza et al. 2022; Wu and Chen 2021).
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure through cooking environment and assessment strategies for human health implications
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Human exposure to PAHs present in cooking fumes and emissions is assessed through analysis of air samples and urinary sample. The PAHs quantity and profile in the air samples is determined analytically and their diagnostic ratios are calculated to further determine the main sources of exposure. Since the composition of PAHs is largely governed by the type of fuel or emission processes, different concentration ratios are used for the identification of the processes (Srogi 2007). B(a)P is, still, considered as the main marker in such cases to estimate total PAHs exposure. But the actual risk faced by an individual due to a chemical is also a function of bio-assimilation and bio-concentration ability of exposed body fluids, tissues, organs and excretion. Use of urinary metabolites as biomarkers offers advantages of direct evidence to target chemical exposure, represents integrated data for exposure to certain duration and through multiple sources; and noninvasive nature helps in easy analysis of occupational exposure. The bio-monitoring of PAHs in humans is thus performed through assessment of urinary metabolites. Hence, the half-life of a PAH compound is investigated by using Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) biomarker, which was first detected in pig urine as a major metabolite of pyrene (Strickland and Kang 1999). This biomarker may also act as a surrogate marker for assessing PAHs exposure through fine and sooty airborne particulate matter (Strickland and Kang 1999).