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Control Actions
Published in Douglas O. J. deSá, Instrumentation Fundamentals for Process Control, 2019
With proportional action there will always be offset, because if there is a sustained change, there will be sustained correction, and therefore there will come a time when equilibrium will be established with the control point offset from the desired value. The value of the offset can be found by considering the value of the deviation that would have occurred without control. Let this value be Erp; then -Erp would have to be the correction applied by the controller to correct completely. If the controller reduces the actual deviation to the value of the offset, say, Erx, then the correction applied is: M=−(Erp−Erx)
General introduction
Published in Adedeji B. Badiru, Handbook of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 2013
In 2013, the CMS will begin implementation of an updated payment policy and payment rate system for services furnished under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS). Initially, this implementation will apply to a select group of physicians, but by 2015 it will be implemented for all physicians. Although the exact rules for this new value-based payment modifier (VBPM) system are still under consideration, the objective is to pay physicians for the quality of care delivered to their patients instead of the traditional fee-for-service that awards physicians for the quantity of patients seen. Physicians will be required to use the PQRS and the Electronic Prescribing (eRX) Incentive Program or face payment penalties. The PQRS will track the number of times physicians offer services to patients that improve their quality of care; the physicians will be rated using a performance score based on how many times these quality services are administered to patients who will benefit from these services. Examples of services measured in the PQRS include providing aspirin on arrival for AMI, providing an advanced care plan, and screening or therapy for osteoporosis for women aged 65 years and older. A quality tier system will then be used to adjust the physician's payment rate up or down depending on quality performance score.
Challenges from building information modeling to finite element analysis of existing buildings
Published in Koen Van Balen, Els Verstrynge, Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: Anamnesis, Diagnosis, Therapy, Controls, 2016
The formats chosen to be tested under the flowchart described in (Figure 3) are IFC, ACIS (.SAT) and .ERX. The processes herein denoted "1" and "2" are studied. For the process "1" a summany table is proposed in order to facilitate the selection of export format based on the needs of the user; for the process "2" some hints are shown regrarding the modelling technique.
Optimum path planning of elliptic and cubic nanoparticles using one and dual probe atomic force microscopes
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2020
To select the population of next generation the elite selection operator will be used. In the crossover operator, the roulette wheel selection method is used to select the parents. In this operator, the probability of selecting a string or chromosome to be placed in the mating pool is calculated according to the suitability of that string or chromosome. Due to the specific features of the issue, regular crossovers cannot be used. For this reason, this study using a dynamic application of crossover and mutation operators. These four crossover methods are (descriptions of each method are provided in its references): The order crossover 1 (OX1) [20]The edge recombination crossover (ERX) [21]Multiple parent crossover (MPX) [22]The partially matched crossover (PMX) [23]
Optimizing product allocation in a polling-based milkrun picking system
Published in IISE Transactions, 2019
J. P. van der Gaast, René B. M. de Koster, Ivo J. B. F. Adan
The third operator is the edge recombination crossover (ERX). The idea of the ERX operator is to construct a new offspring that inherits as many edges (a combination of two subsequent genes) as possible from its parent chromosomes (Whitley et al., 1989). The first step of the operator is to create an edge map for the genes based on their neighborhood. The neighborhood of a gene is defined as the genes that are adjacent to it either in the first and/or the second parent. Afterwards, starting from an arbitrary gene, in each step the next gene is chosen that is in the neighborhood of the previous gene. If more than one gene is feasible, then randomly the gene with smallest neighborhood size is selected. This continues until the entire child chromosome is constructed. For example, Figure 5 assumes the same two parent chromosomes and for which the edge map can be constructed that contains for each gene the adjacent genes from the parent chromosomes. Then, child is constructed from the first gene of . The second gene is either 2, 5, or 8. Both 2 and 5 have three neighbors, whereas 8 has four neighbors. Assume that 2 is randomly chosen. In the same way 3 is chosen for the third gene. By continuing in the same manner, we finally obtain. In the case where we started with the first gene of we would obtain .
A MCVRP-based model for PCB assembly optimisation on the beam-type placement machine
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2019
Shujuan Guo, Fei Geng, Katsuhiko Takahashi, Xiaohan Wang, Zhihong Jin
The process of combining two sequenced pickups in Section 4.1.1 infers that if two pickups exchange their sequence, the pickup combinations and the travelling distances may change. Therefore, the pickup combination and sequencing problem can also be formulated as an AVRP. The encoding method of Section 4.1.2 does not use trip delimiters; this permits the use of the crossover operators proposed for the travelling salesman problem (TSP). The directed edge recombination crossover (DERX) proposed by Zeng, Zhang, and Cao (2006) for asymmetric TSP problem (ATSP) is adopted in this paper. Their numerical experiments demonstrate that DERX is more effective than the conventional edge recombination crossover (ERX) and some other crossover operators.