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Desalination
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater, 2017
Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. It is important to point out that, unlike osmotic pressure, tonicity is only influenced by solutes that cannot cross this semipermeable membrane, as only these exert an effective osmotic pressure. Solutes able to freely cross do not affect tonicity because they will always be in equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane. There are three classifications of tonicity that one solution can have relative to another (Sperelakis, 2012): Hypertonic refers to a greater concentration. In biology, a hypertonic solution is one with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell; the cell will lose water by osmosis.Hypotonic refers to a lesser concentration. In biology, a hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell; the cell will gain water through osmosis.Isotonic refers to a solution in which the solute and solvent are equally distributed. In biology, a cell normally wants to remain in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of the liquid inside it equals the concentration of liquid outside it; there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane.
Intraoperative storage of saphenous vein grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Catherine J. Pachuk, Sophie K. Rushton-Smith, Maximilian Y. Emmert
Exposing a tissue or organ to a solution with compromised biocompatibility can result in direct injury to tissue. Biocompatibility of a solution is impacted through physical characteristics including pH, tonicity and/or ionic balance, or through cytotoxicity mediated by one or more of the solution components. Compromised biocompatibility coupled with an inability to protect against oxidative damage run counter to the qualities required of a preservation solution. Evaluation of preservation solution biocompatibility, required by regulatory agencies, is evaluated before registration, according to both ISO-10,993 standards and the FDA Biocompatibility Guidance 2016 [36,37]. We therefore conducted a cytotoxicity evaluation to evaluate biocompatibility. ISO-cytotoxicity assays are performed to help predict incompatibility of medical devices and other medical products with human tissue. The rodent fibroblast cell line, L-929 cells has been validated for are endorsed by ISO experts as a suitable cell line for this assay.
Intra-carotid body inter-cellular communication
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2023
Liam P. Argent, Aabharika Bose, Julian F. R. Paton
These findings together suggest that, in future, models of the carotid body may need to incorporate the idea that individual clusters of cells in the carotid body function as isolated distributed networks (see below for evidence supporting the notion of multiple confined networks rather than a single syncytial system). Further, the active modulation of cell coupling and de-coupling appears to regulate afferent firing and so an examination of whether the disruption of these mechanisms is involved in pathological carotid body tonicity and hyperreflexia is warranted.