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Team Adaptation and Resilience
Published in Lauren Blackwell Landon, Kelley J. Slack, Eduardo Salas, Psychology and Human Performance in Space Programs, 2020
M. Travis Maynard, Deanna M. Kennedy, Scott I. Tannenbaum, John E. Mathieu, Jamie Levy
Training that educates crew members about the team adaptation process, in particular, how both acute and chronic stressors may trigger the need for adaptation, can help enhance awareness. Acute stressors can be characterized as unexpected events (Weick & Roberts, 1993), whereas chronic stressors may be on-going or frequent (Salas et al., 2015). Yet, as chronic stressors continue, they may precipitate into an acute stressor that triggers the need for an immediate acute response. In addition, such training could teach the crew about the types of behaviors that effective teams demonstrate to minimize, manage, and mend from stressful challenges as well as any adaptation pitfalls they will want to avoid, such as overreacting to a challenge or catastrophizing. Scenario-based training can also be used to build a crew’s readiness to adapt prior to a mission. In this approach, a series of hypothetical events and challenges would be presented to the crew. As each mission challenge is described, the team discusses any adjustments they would make and why. For example, they would discuss when to shift from normal operating procedures to problem-solving or even emergency-mode.
What Is Stress and What Is Fatigue?
Published in Peter A. Hancock, Paula A. Desmond, Stress, Workload, and Fatigue, 2000
Donald I. Tepas, Jana M. Price
Many researchers have made reference to stressors as precursors to stress, dysfunction, or health problems. Selye (1985) defined stressors as any agents that evoke the general adaptation syndrome, which includes states of alarm, adaptation, and exhaustion. According to Selye, physical, psychological, and emotional stimuli can all serve as stressors. Diseases such as peptic ulcers, high blood pressure, and heart disease are all said to be influenced by the presence of stressors. In an article by Cohen (1985), four different types of stressors are identified: acute time-limited events, such as a parachute jump; stress-event sequences, like a job loss; chronic intermittent stessors, for example, a conflict with neighbors; and, chronic stress, such as long-term job stress.
Laws, Regulations, and Risk Assessment Relevant to Site Assessment and Remediation
Published in Cristiane Q. Surbeck, Jeff Kuo, Site Assessment and Remediation for Environmental Engineers, 2021
Cristiane Q. Surbeck, Jeff Kuo
The EPA considers risk as the chance of harmful effects to human health or to ecological systems resulting from exposure to an environmental stressor. A stressor is any physical, chemical, or biological entity that can induce an adverse response. Stressors may adversely affect specific natural resources or entire ecosystems, including plants and animals, as well as the environment with which they interact. It should be noted that this section is mainly based on the information on the EPA’s webpages on risk assessment (https://www.epa.gov/risk).
Driving in an urban environment, the stress response and effects of exercise
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Michael Antoun, Ding Ding, Erika E. Bohn-Goldbaum, Scott Michael, Kate M. Edwards
The long-term effects of chronic stress (the cumulative load of day-to-day stresses) and the mal-adaption to this can have significant health consequences (McEwen 1998). As recognition of the negative impact of stress on health has increased, attention has turned to stress reduction techniques, such as performing meditation and engaging in physical activity. Regular exercise may reduce the load of chronic stress through repeated activation of the stress response systems by acute exercise bouts leading to adaptations and reduced physiological responses to stressors in general (Sothmann et al. 1996). But importantly, a single bout of exercise performed immediately prior to a variety of stressors can also reduce physiological reactivity in laboratory settings (Hamer, Taylor, and Steptoe 2006). Evidence suggests that for aerobic exercise there is a dose-response effect with more vigorous intensity eliciting a greater reduction in stress reactivity (Hamer, Taylor, and Steptoe 2006). Similar reductions in stress reactivity have been found for resistance exercise and mixed exercise circuits, although less is known regarding these modes (Gauche et al. 2017; Moreira et al. 2014). Given the ubiquity of driving in modern life, the established health consequences of chronic stress and the stress-buffering potential of exercise, examining effects of an exercise task prior to driving may have important implications on population health.
Relationship between shift-work and life-style behaviors among emergency department nurses in Jordan
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Rayyan A. Salah, Malakeh Z. Malak, Ayman K. Bani Salameh
Emergency department (ED) nurses encounter a wide range of occupational and personal stressors for example, sudden death, major traumas, and workplace violence and aggression.2–4 These stressors may lead to many physical and psychological health problems.2 Health complexities among nurses are linked with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, such as unhealthy dietary habits, physical inactivity, and smoking and tobacco addiction.5
Sex differences among endurance athletes in the pre-race relationships between sleep, and perceived stress and recovery
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Spencer S.H. Roberts, Luana C Main, Dominique Condo, Amelia Carr, William Jardine, Charles Urwin, Lilia Convit, Shant S Rahman, Rhiannon M.J. Snipe
Bi-directional relationships between sleep and psychological state have been widely studied in non-athletes, with elevated stress and anxiety often associated with increased sleep disturbance, and inadequate sleep associated with negative mood and emotion dysregulation (Harvey et al., 2011). These relationships may reflect the role of human stress systems in regulating both sleep and responses to stressors (e.g., sleep loss, competition) (Bonnet & Arand, 2010; Buckley & Schatzberg, 2005). Indeed, the initiation and maintenance of sleep requires low activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whereas sleep deprivation is associated with elevated HPA axis activity (Buckley & Schatzberg, 2005). Another proposed mechanism is the dual role of some neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, serotonin) in regulating both sleep and emotion (Harvey et al., 2011). Few studies have to date examined relationships between athlete sleep and psychological state prior to competition (Erlacher et al., 2011; Juliff et al., 2015; Lastella et al., 2014). Nonetheless, surveys indicate that 60–70% of athletes experience sleep difficulties prior to competition, which are primarily attributed to competition-related thoughts and nervousness (Erlacher et al., 2011; Juliff et al., 2015; Lastella et al., 2014). Conversely, shorter sleep duration before a marathon has been associated with increased perceptions of “tension” on race day (Lastella et al., 2014). These studies have typically used subjective measures of sleep(Erlacher et al., 2011; Juliff et al., 2015; Lastella et al., 2014), and have often surveyed athletes retrospectively rather than collected data in real-time (Erlacher et al., 2011; Juliff et al., 2015). Subjective sleep data often correlate poorly with objective data (Lauderdale et al., 2008), and retrospective surveys are susceptible to recall bias. As such, there is a need for research examining relationships between athlete sleep and psychological state prior to competition using real-time data, including objective measures of sleep. Tools shown to effectively predict these relationships could be used to inform interventions aimed at improving sleep and/or psychological state prior to competition.